Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Adverbial Modifiers[Drozdova p331]
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Russian |
English |
Examples |
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Читая, когда читаю, когда читал
Прочитав, когда прочитал, потому что прочитал (раньше)* |
(when/while) reading
having read |
(While) reading this book I always remember my own childhood. (When) reading this book I wrote out a number of useful expressions. Having read this book I learnt a lot. Having read this book I can tell you my opinion of it. |
Note:
*Present Participle being (from to be) is not used in adverbial modifiers of time, we use “while-phrase” or a clause instead.
Будучи в Москве, я посетил Кремль. – While in Moscow (=while I was in Moscow) I visited Kremlin.
Будучи мальчиком, я любил играть в футбол. – When a boy (= when I was a boy) I liked to play football.
! But being is used in adverbial modifiers of cause.
Being tired (= as he was tired) he went home at once. – Будучи усталым (= так как он устал), он сразу же пошел домой.
PARTICIPLE AS OBJECT [Verbals]
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Peculiarities
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Participle II shows that the meaning is passive. Participle I describes an action in progress. |
The meaning is passive. |
The meaning is passive. |
1. Participle II expresses the idea of smth done for the benefit of the person expressed by the subject of the sentence. 2. In questions and in negative sentences the auxiliary “do” is used. |
Note: Sentences to be memorized: 1. I usually have my hair cut once a month. 4. I’ve just had my blue dress altered. 2. I’m just going to the dentist to have a bad tooth pulled out. 5. I must have my shoes cleaned. 3. I’ll go and have my chest X-rayed one of these days. 6. You can get your clothes made here. |
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Sentence patterns
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I heard these words mentioned several times. I watched him seeing a friend off. |
I consider him engaged at the local theatre. |
I want the parcel delivered in time. I don't want you talking back to me.
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1. I had my room prepared. 2. Get this prescription made at the chemist’s. 3. Where did you have your watch mended? 4. Why don’t you have your hair waved?
I won’t have you smoking at your age. |
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Form
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Participle II
Participle I Indefinite Active |
Participle II |
Participle II
Participle I Indefinite Active |
Participle II |
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Verbal
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Participle II
Participle I |
Participle II |
Participle II
Participle I |
Participle II
Participle I |
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Verbs after which the construction is used
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1. verbs of sense perception: to hear, to see, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice, to find |
2. verbs of mental activity: to consider, to understand |
3. verbs denoting wish: to want, to wish, to desire |
4. to have, to get |
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Function
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A complex object |
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PARTICIPLE I AS PREDICATIVE [Verbals]
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Function |
Sentence patterns |
Tense, aspect, voice |
Phrases to be memorized |
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A predicative |
The answer of the student is disappointing. |
Participle I Indefinite Active |
To be astonishing, to be disappointing, to be exciting, to be humiliating, to be inviting, to be tempting, to be terrifying, to be touching |
PARTICIPLE II AS PREDICATIVE [Verbals]
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Function |
Sentence patterns |
Form |
Notes |
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A predicative |
1. He seemed delighted to see me again. 2. She looked worried. 3. I confessed I was bewildered. |
Participle II |
The compound nominal predicate consists of a link verb (be, look, get, grow, seem, turn, remain, etc.) and a predicative (which can be expressed by Participle II). |
