Notes: infinitive or participle I?
(See somebody do or see somebody doing?)
[Murphy Unit 63]
A. Study this example situation:
Tom got into his car and drove away. You saw this. You can say:
* I saw Tom get into his car and drive away.
In this structure we use get/drive/do etc. (infinitive without 'to'):
Somebody did something + I saw this = I saw somebody do something.
Note that we use the infinitive without to:
* We saw them go out. (not 'to go')
But after a passive ('they were seen') etc., we use to:
* They were seen to go out.
B. Study this example situation:
Yesterday you saw Ann. She was waiting for a bus. You can say:
* I saw Ann waiting for a bus.
In this structure we use ~ing (waiting):
Somebody was doing something + I saw this = I saw somebody doing something.
C. Study the difference in meaning between the two structures:
'I saw him do something' = he did something (past simple) and I saw this. I saw the complete action from beginning to end:
* He fell off the wall. I saw this. - I saw him fall off the wall.
* The accident happened. Did you see this? - Did you see the accident happen?
'I saw him doing something' = he was doing something (past continuous) and I saw this. I saw him when he was in the middle of doing it. This does not mean that I saw the complete action:
* He was walking along the street. + I saw this when I drove past in my car. = I saw him walking along the street.
Sometimes the difference is not important and you can use either form:
* I've never seen her dance. or I've never seen her dancing.
D. We use these structures with see and hear, and a number of other verbs:
* I didn't hear you come in.
* Liz suddenly felt something touch her on the shoulder.
* Did you notice anyone go out?
* I could hear it raining.
* The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.
* Listen to the birds singing!
* Can you smell something burning?
* I found Sue in my room reading my letters.
COMPREHENCION CHECK
[Murphy Unit 63]
Exercise 1. Answer these questions, beginning in the way shown.
Examples: "Does Tom ever dance?" “I’ve never seen him dance (or dancing).........
"How do you know I came in late?" "I heard you come in late.......
1. "Does Liz ever smoke?" "I've never seen..................................................................
2. "How do you know the man took the money?" "I saw................................................
3. "Did Jack lock the door?" "Yes, I heard....................................................................
4. "Did the bell ring?" "I'm not sure. I didn't hear .......................................................
5. "How do you know Ann can play the piano?" "I've heard .........................................
6. "Did Bill trip over the dog?" "Yes, I saw...................................................................
7. "Did the girl fall into the river?" "I didn't see ............................................................
Exercise 2. In each of these situations you and a friend saw, heard, or smelled something. This is what you said at the time:
1. Look! There's Ann! She's waiting for a bus.
2. Look! There's Sue! She's playing tennis.
3. Look! There's Tom! He's eating in that restaurant.
4. Listen! That's Bill. He's playing the guitar.
5. I can smell something! Dinner's burning!
6. Look! There's Dave! He's talking to Chuck.
Later you tell someone what you saw, heard, or smelled.
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We saw Ann waiting for the bus. .......................................
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We saw Sue ……………………………………………………
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We ………………………………………………………...........
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…………………………………………………….............
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……………………………………………………............
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…………………………………………………….............
Exercise 3. Complete these sentences. Use one of the following verbs in the correct form.
|
run explode slam cry sit collide open tell crawl climb happen burn |
1. Can you smell something burning.......?
2. I saw the accident ..........
3. We listened to the old woman........................her story from beginning to end.
4. Listen! Can you hear a child........................?
5. Did anybody see the two cars.........................?
6. We watched the two men.................................across the garden, ........................a
window, and........................through it into the house.
7. Everybody heard the bomb..........................It was a tremendous noise.
8. Oh! I can feel something........................up my leg! It must be an insect.
9. I heard someone.........................the door in the middle of the night. It woke me up.
10. We couldn't find Tom at first. Finally we found him.........................in the garden.
THE OBJECTIVE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTION WITH PARTICIPLE II
[Kobrina]
§ 150. The objective participial construction with participle II consists of a noun in the common case or a personal pronoun in the objective case and participle II forming a syntactical complex, in which the two components are in a predicative relationship.
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I must have my watch mended.
I never heard him spoken of badly.
Мне нужно починить часы.
Я никогда не слышал, чтобы о нем плохо отзывались.
The construction functions as a complex object to transitive verbs, mainly verbs (a) of causative meaning, (b) of physical perception, (c) of wish:
a) to have, to get, to make
You must have your photo taken.
Where did you have your hair done?
I won’t have my best friend laughed at.
We must get our tickets registered.
The speaker made himself heard with the help of a microphone.
Besides the causative meaning suggesting inducement, sentences the verb to have may occasionally express experience or possess participle II emphasizing the resulting state, as in:
The patient has an arm broken.
I have my task done.
If the action is emphasized, the perfect form is preferable:
The patient has broken an arm.
I have done my task.
Notice the difference in translation:
У больного сломана рука. Больной сломал руку.
Мое задание выполнено. Я выполнил задание.
b) to see, to hear, to feel, to find
I saw Jane addressed by a stranger.
Have you ever heard the writer’s name mentioned before?
We found the door locked.
c) to wish, to want, to like, to prefer
I want the answer sent at once.
We prefer the letter answered by the chief.
Sentences with causative verbs are usually translated into Russian by simple sentences, the causative meaning being evident from the context or the situation. In other cases a complex sentence with an object clause is preferable.
(CAUSATIVE;
CONSTRUCTION ‘have something done’)
[Murphy Unit 44]
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Study this example situation:
|
The roof of Jill's house was damaged in a storm, so she arranged for somebody to repair it. Yesterday a workman came and did the job. Jill had the roof repaired yesterday. This means: Jill arranged for somebody else to repair the roof. She didn't repair it herself. |
We use ‘have something done’ to say that we arrange for somebody else to do something for us.
Compare:
* Jill repaired the roof. (= she repaired it herself)
* Jill had the roof repaired. (= she arranged for somebody else to repair it)
Study these sentences:
* Did Ann make the dress herself or did she have it made?
* 'Are you going to repair the car yourself?' 'No, I'm going to have it repaired.'
N.B! Be careful with word order. The past participle (repaired/cut etc.) is after the object (the roof your hair etc.):
have + object + past participle
|
|
have + |
object + |
past participle |
|
|
Bill |
had |
the roof |
repaired |
yesterday. |
|
Where did you |
have |
your hair |
done? |
|
|
We are |
having |
the house |
painted |
right now. |
|
Tom has just |
had |
a telephone |
installed |
in his house. |
|
How often do you |
have |
your car |
serviced? |
|
|
Why don't you |
have |
that coat |
cleaned? |
|
|
I want to |
have |
my picture |
taken. |
|
Jill had the roof repaired yesterday.
Where did you have your hair cut?
Your hair looks nice. Have you had it cut?
Julia has just had central heating installed in her house.
We are having the house painted at the moment.
How often do you have your car serviced?
I think you should have that coat cleaned soon.
I don't like having my photograph taken.
B. You can also say 'get something done' instead of 'have something done' (mainly in informal spoken English):
* When are you going to get the roof repaired? (= have the roof repaired)
* I think you should get your hair cut.
C. Sometimes have something done has a different meaning.
* Jill and Eric had all their money stolen while they were on holiday.
Of course this does not mean that they arranged for somebody to steal their money. 'They had all their money stolen' means only: 'All their money was stolen from them.'
With this meaning, we use have something done to say that something happens to somebody or their belongings. Usually what happens is not nice:
* George had his nose broken in a fight.
* Have you ever had your passport stolen?
PRACTICE
[Murphy Unit 44]
Exercise 1. Why did you do these things? Answer using 'have something done'. Use one of these verbs:
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clean cut repair service
1. Why did you take your car to the garage? _To have it serviced._
2. Why did you take your jacket to the cleaner's? To ---
3. Why did you take your watch to the jeweler’s? ---
4. Why did you go to the hairdresser? ---
Exercise 2. Write sentences in the way shown:
1. Jill didn't repair the roof herself. - No, she had it repaired.
2. I didn't cut my hair myself. I ---
3. They didn't paint the house themselves. They ---
4. Sue didn't make the curtains herself. ---
Exercise 3. Answer the questions in the way shown.
Example: "Did Liz make that dress herself?" "No, she had it made..................
1. "Did you cut your hair yourself?" "No, I..................................................................
2. "Did they paint the house themselves?" "No, they ...................................................
3. "Did Jim cut down that tree himself?" "No, .............................................................
4. "Did Sue repair the car herself?" "No, .....................................................................
Exercise 4. This time complete the sentences. Use the prompts (...).
Examples: We …are having the house painted …(house / paint) at the moment.
Did you have your hair cut.... (you / your hair / cut) last week?
1. Your hair is too long. I think you should.........................................................(it /cut).
2. How often........................................................ (you /your car /tune up)?
3. The engine in Tom's car couldn't be repaired, so he had to............................................
(a new engine / put in).
4.........................................................(you / your newspaper / deliver) or do you buy it
yourself at the store?
5. A: What are those workers doing in your garden?
B: Oh, I..........................................................(a swimming pool/build).
6. A: Can I see the pictures you took on your vacation?
B: I'm afraid not. I........................................................(not/the film/develop) yet.
7. Is it true that many years ago he.........................................................(his portrait/
paint) by a famous artist?
Exercise 5. Now read each situation and then write a sentence with
‘have something done’.
Example: Jill's coat was dirty, so she took it to the cleaners. Now it is clean. What has Jill done?
Jill has her coat cleaned...........................................
1. Tom thinks his eyesight is getting worse, so he's going to the eye doctor. What is Tom going to do there? He is ...........................................................................................
2. Sue is at the beauty parlor at the moment. A hairdresser is cutting her hair. What is Sue doing? .....................................................................................................................
3. Ann's watch was broken, so she took it to a jeweler. Now it's working again. What has Ann done? ...............................................................................................................
Exercise 6. Now use ‘have something done’ with its second meaning (see section c).
Example: George's nose was broken in a fight. What happened to George?
He had his nose broken in a fight................................................
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George's nose was broken in a fight. ……………………………………………….
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John's wallet was stolen from his pocket. What happened to John? He......................
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Fred's hat was blown off by the wind. What happened to Fred? .................................
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Carol's passport was taken from her at the police station. What happened to Carol?
Exercise 7. Translate into English using Participle II. [Klys p200 ex17]
1. Она слышала, как назвали ее фамилию.
2. Я хочу, чтобы работа была закончена в воскресенье.
3. Я сейчас шью новое платье.
4. В среду ей покрасили и постригли волосы.
5. Ей удалили два зуба.
6. Я хочу, чтобы мои указания точно выполнялись.
7. Ему следует постричься.
8. Точно ясно, что он очень хотел, чтобы нарисовали его портрет.
9. Вам надо проверить зрение.
10. Я хочу починить часы.
11. Я хочу побелить потолок и оклеить стены обоями.
12. Они обнаружили, что дверь закрыта на ключ.
13. Где вам шили этот костюм?
14. Мне покрасили дверь только на прошлой неделе. Вам нравится цвет?
15. Она нашла, что я ничуть не изменился, но я нашел, что она изменилась.
16. Я слышал, как это было сказано несколько раз.
17. Мы наблюдали, как ремонтировали машину.
18. Я видел, как мешки погрузили.
19. Они обнаружили, что дом заброшен.
20. Она сказала, что хочет, чтобы эти документы напечатали как можно скорее.
THE NOMINANATIVE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL CONSTRUCTIONS
[Коbrina]
§138.This construction consists of two interdependent elements, nominal and verbal, which are in a predicative relation. The nominal element is a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case. The verbal element is participle I in any of its forms. The nominal and the verbal elements make a syntactical complex functioning as a detached adverbial modifier. Unlike the objective participial construction it does not depend on a verb:
John having left the room to ring for a taxi as arranged, Mary sat down again to wait for him.
The difference between a participial phrase and a nominative absolute participial construction may be illustrated as follows:
Having read the novel Jane (she) put it aside.
The novel having been read, Jane (she) put it aside.
In a participial phrase the subject of the sentence is as a rule related both to the predicate verb and to the participle. In a sentence with a nominative absolute participial construction the subject of the sentence is related only to the predicate verb, and the nominal element is related to the participle.
The nominative absolute participial construction functions syntactically as an adverbial modifier: an adverbial modifier of a) attendant circumstances, b) reason, c) occasionally time.
a) We were both standing leaning against the mantelpiece, she admiring her fan of blotting paper, I staring at her.
A nominative absolute participial construction as an adverbial of attendant circumstances usually stands in postposition, and is widely used in literature.
It is translated into Russian by a coordinate clause: Мы оба стояли у камина; она любовалась веером из промокательной бумаги, а я глядел на нее.
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But I was a little on edge, there being something to report.
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The work being finished, the two girls went into the shop.
Sentences with a nominative absolute participial construction as an adverbial of reason or time are translated by complex sentences with the corresponding subordinate clauses: Я нервничал, так как было о чем сообщить... Когда работа была законче-на,девушки вошли в мастерскую.
As well as in sentences with participial phrases causal and temporal meanings may be combined, as in:
Ice having thus been broken, the two former rivals grew still more affectionate.