Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Attributes [Drozdova p330] active

Russian

English

Examples

1. читающий, который читает

2. читавший*, который читал (тогда)

3. прочитавший, который прочитал (раньше)

4. который будет читать

READING

READING

who HAD READ

who WILL READ

(is going to … )

Look at this reading boy! He is only five.

We looked at the reading boy. He had a nice voice.

The boy who had read the poem now was taking part in the discussion.

We’ve never heard of the actor who will read the poems.

1. применяющиеся, применяемые, которые применяются (обычно)

2. применявшиеся, которые применялись (раньше)

3. примененные, которые были применены (тогда)

4. применяемые, которые применяются (в момент речи)

5. которые будут применяться (в будущем)

USED

USED

USED

BEING USED

to BE USED (the infinitive)

These are the methods used for metal treatment.

There were several methods used before invention.

This is the method used in the first experiment.

What do you think of the method being used?

The methods to be used in our new project are quite modern.

Function

Tense, voice

Distinctions

Peculiarities

An adverbial modifier of time

Participle I Indefinite Active

Studying the map of Great Britain, he found all the mountains and rivers on it.

Being thanked for his help, he left.

Having reached the top of the mountain, we sank to the ground too tired to do anything.

Having been asked to show the countries of America on the map, he refused to do it.

1. The action expressed by a participle in the function of an adverbial modifier always refers to the subject of the whole sentence.

2. With such verbs as to see, to hear, to notice, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to enter, to turn, to close, to open, to cross Participle I Indefinite is used to express a prior action when the action expressed by the finite verb closely follows the action expressed by the Participle:

Seeing that it was useless to argue with him, I dropped the subject.

3. The conjunctions “when” and “while” are often used with Participle I Indefinite Active to express an action in progress simultaneous with that of the finite verb:

While making a tour of England, we were impressed by its beauty.

4. Participle I Indefinite of the verb “to be” is not used as an adverbial modifier of time.

Clauses of the type “Когда он был в Москве” may be translated “When in Moscow”

An adverbial modifier of cause (reason)

Participle I Indefinite Active

Participle I Indefinite Passive

Participle I Perfect Active

Participle I Perfect Passive

Not knowing the topic well, he got confused.

Being impressed by the duel scene in “Hamlet”, they were silent on the way home.

Having lost the book, the students couldn’t prepare the topic.

Having been left alone, the child felt miserable and lonely.

An adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (or manner)

Participle I Indefinite Active

I spent the morning on the cliff reading.

An adverbial modifier of

comparison

Participle I Indefinite Active

She shivered with fright as if realizing the danger.

Function

Sentence patterns

Form

Notes

An adverbial modifier of time

When told the fare, he realized he couldn’t afford the tour.

Participle II

In the adverbial function the Participle should have logically the same subject as the predicate of the whole sentence.

An adverbial modifier of condition

If sent immediately, the telegram will be delivered in time.

Participle II

An adverbial modifier of

comparison

He looked bewildered as if told something unbelievable.

Participle II

An adverbial modifier of concession

Though frightened, he didn’t show it.

Participle II