- •Participle I
- •§ 129. Participle I is a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival and adverbial features. It is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb.
- •Forms of participle I
- •Participle II
- •Voice peculiarities of participle II
- •§ 143. Participle II of transitive verbs, when it is not part of a perfect form, is always passive in meaning.
- •Participle as predicative:
- •Participle as attribute
- •Practice
- •Compare the following pairs:
- •Open the brackets using the correct form of the Participle.
- •Participle as adverbial modifier
- •§ 133. All four forms of participle I can function as adverbial modifiers of different semantic types (time, reason, manner, attendant circumstances and sometimes condition, concession, comparison).
- •Practice
- •Practice
- •Practice
- •§ 133. As an adverbial of comparison the participle is always preceded by the conjunction as if, as though:
- •Practice
- •Practice
- •Participle as parenthesis
- •Revision
- •The objective participial construction with participle I
- •§ 137. Participle I may function as part of a predicative construction, entering into a predicative relationship with some nominal element and forming a syntactical unit with it.
- •Notes: infinitive or participle I?
- •Prepositional absolute participial construction with participle I
- •§ 152. The prepositional absolute construction with participle II.
- •Revision
- •Test yourself
- •I. Choose the correct participle.
- •II. Replace the Infinitive in brackets by the appropriate form of the Participle.
- •III. State the function of the Participle.
- •IV. Rewrite the sentences using participles.
- •V. Translate into English.
- •Supplement
- •Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Attributes [Drozdova p330] active
- •Passive
- •Compare
- •Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Adverbial Modifiers[Drozdova p331]
- •Bibliography
Practice
Exercise 1. Change the sentences using Participle II. Define the types of the adverbial clauses. [Klys p200 ex18b]
1. Though she was surprised by his arrival, she didn't show it.
2. Though he was annoyed by his failure, he continued to work hard.
3. When he was asked for help, he refused.
4. If he was given an opportunity, he would make a good pianist.
5. When the boy was left to himself, he took the toys and began to play.
6. He had sprung to action as if he was frightened.
7. Karel had shown remarkable self-control when he was informed that he had missed Frank by a day.
8. When she was questioned, Irene smiled tolerantly.
9. If he's given time, he'll make a good chess player.
10. Even when he was defeated, he didn't feel discouraged.
11. I can't forget Tom's face. When he was asked about the accident, he began to cry.
12. She suddenly stopped as if she was struck by the news.
13. Though she was impressed by the news, she didn't show it.
14. When it's seen in this light the matter doesn't seem quite so serious.
15. He looked sleepy as if he was exhausted by his journey.
Exercise 2 . Translate into English using Participle II. [Klys p201 ex19]
1. Когда ей предложили помощь, она поблагодарила и отказалась.
2. Если ему дать возможность, он станет хорошим художником.
3. Когда его спросили о поездке, он сказал, что она была утомительной.
4. Когда ему напомнили о долге, он обещал вернуть его через два дня.
5. Хотя все его уважали, он чувствовал себя чужим среди них.
6. Если его похвалить, он будет стараться работать еще лучше.
7. Костюм сидел на нем так, как будто он был пошит для него.
8. Письмо было неразборчивым, как будто его писали в спешке.
9. Когда ему посоветовали принять приглашение, он согласился.
10. Когда правило объяснили еще раз, оно показалось совсем легким.
11. Когда Клайду задавали вопросы в суде, он старался быть спокойным, но ему было трудно.
12. Когда Джека привели к шерифу, он понял, что этот человек не пожалеет его.
13. Если этот роман экранизировать, он будет иметь большой успех.
14. Когда его спросили, намерен ли он скоро вернуться домой, он ответил, что будет отсутствовать около двух недель.
15. Так как теплоход был сжат льдом, он не мог продолжать свой путь.
16. Он может быть очень груб, когда он возбужден.
17. Обычно он не говорил ни слова, если к нему не обращались.
18. "Он знает об этом?" — спросил Дэн, словно удивившись.
19. Она встала, перекинув пальто через руку.
20. Когда его спросили, он отказался отвечать на вопрос.
Participle as parenthesis
[Kobrina]
§ 136. Participle I as parenthesis forms the headword of a participial phrase, the meaning of which is a comment upon the contents of the whole sentence or sometimes part of it. The comment may take the form of a logical restriction or personal attitude. Here we find such participial phrases as generally (properly, roughly, legally, strictly) speaking, putting it mildly, judging by (from), allowing/or, taking everything into consideration, etc:
Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed.
Strictly speaking, this is illegal.