- •Participle I
- •§ 129. Participle I is a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival and adverbial features. It is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb.
- •Forms of participle I
- •Participle II
- •Voice peculiarities of participle II
- •§ 143. Participle II of transitive verbs, when it is not part of a perfect form, is always passive in meaning.
- •Participle as predicative:
- •Participle as attribute
- •Practice
- •Compare the following pairs:
- •Open the brackets using the correct form of the Participle.
- •Participle as adverbial modifier
- •§ 133. All four forms of participle I can function as adverbial modifiers of different semantic types (time, reason, manner, attendant circumstances and sometimes condition, concession, comparison).
- •Practice
- •Practice
- •Practice
- •§ 133. As an adverbial of comparison the participle is always preceded by the conjunction as if, as though:
- •Practice
- •Practice
- •Participle as parenthesis
- •Revision
- •The objective participial construction with participle I
- •§ 137. Participle I may function as part of a predicative construction, entering into a predicative relationship with some nominal element and forming a syntactical unit with it.
- •Notes: infinitive or participle I?
- •Prepositional absolute participial construction with participle I
- •§ 152. The prepositional absolute construction with participle II.
- •Revision
- •Test yourself
- •I. Choose the correct participle.
- •II. Replace the Infinitive in brackets by the appropriate form of the Participle.
- •III. State the function of the Participle.
- •IV. Rewrite the sentences using participles.
- •V. Translate into English.
- •Supplement
- •Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Attributes [Drozdova p330] active
- •Passive
- •Compare
- •Russian Equivalents of Participles Used as Adverbial Modifiers[Drozdova p331]
- •Bibliography
Practice
Exercise 1. Use the participles given below as adverbial modifiers of attendant circumstances (manner): [Klys p195 ex10]
thinking, holding, looking, smoking, reading, speaking, counting, putting, shaking, remembering, fighting
1. He has been in three revolutions ... on the barricades.
2. He lay on the sofa ....
3. She was standing behind the screen door, ... it open and ... to him from the doorstep.
4. She smiled and closed her eyes ... his words.
5. He sat for a long time ....
6. He sat in the armchair ... a newspaper.
7. He said good-bye to her ... her hand in a friendly manner.
8. They stood there, mother and son, ... at the stranger.
9. The customs officer stood on deck ... the boxes. 10. He sat down at the table ... his hat on the chair.
Exercise 2. Replace the parts in italics by Participle I as an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (manner). [Verbals]
MODEL: He went out and closed the door behind him.
He went out closing the door behind him.
1. “I would rather start for the station immediately,” she said and looked up at the clock.
2. He sat by the open window and watched the people passing by.
3. She answered all my questions calmly and tried to look indifferent.
4. They stood on the doorstep and watched the car as it drove away.
5. He entered the room, he whistled gaily.
6. He stood before the house where he grew as a child and thought of many things.
Exercise 3. Translate into English using Participle I as an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances (manner). [Klys p196 ex11]
1. Он вышел, стараясь не беспокоить нас.
2. Она стояла и думала, что ответить.
3. Она спокойно лежала, думая о предстоящей поездке в горы.
4. Он молчал, ожидая, когда все выйдут из комнаты.
5. Том вошел в комнату, неся кофе для Мери.
6. Она сидела у окна и смотрела на улицу.
7. Они дошли до двери и стояли там разговаривая.
8. Он шел медленно, время от времени останавливался и смотрел на здания.
9. Он ушел, оставив дверь открытой.
10. Я провела весь вечер, перечитывая письма.
11. Они гуляли в саду и любовались цветами.
12. Я стоял, стараясь придумать, что сказать.
13. Он стоял, прислонившись к дереву.
14. Сжав губы, она кивнула в знак согласия.
15. Она еще раз позвонила, затаив дыхание.
16. Джон закрыл глаза, стараясь вспомнить, где он видел эту девушку.
ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS OF DIFFERENT SEMANTIC TYPES
[Kobrina]
§ 133. As an adverbial of comparison the participle is always preceded by the conjunction as if, as though:
As if obeying him, I turned and stared into his face.
When participle I is used as an adverbial modifier of concession the conjunction is not obligatory and then the idea of concession may be understood from the context. However the conjunction though will make the semantic relationship clearer.
Somebody was waiting: a man who, though moving irregularly, was making quite a speed in my direction.
In the same way participle I as an adverbial modifier of condition is recognized by its syntactical surroundings.
She ought to be there and her absence might be resented, but being there she wouldn’t know what to say (но, если бы она была там ... , ... но будучи там ...).