Обзорные упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в данных предложениях причастие, определите его форму и функцию в предложении. Назовите причастные конструкции, встречающиеся в предложениях. Переведите предложения.

1. The president, influenced by the fact that the matter came within the jurisdiction of the secretary of the treasury, accepted Hamilton’s argument and signed the bill.

2. In primary schools in UK the first two years, beginning at the age of five, are spent on informal development of expression and ability to concentrate.

3. Stalin embarked on a third revolution, the first two being the February and October revolutions of 1917.

4. The Soviet totalitarian system has sometimes been described as characterized by “permanent revolution”.

5. Most of the significant regional newspapers are “evening” papers, each publishing about four editions between about midday and 5 p.m.

6. In December 1995 new national parliamentary elections were held, followed by two rounds of the presidential election in June and July 1996.

7. Although Scottish bills are passed by Parliament at Westminster, their details are in practice debated only by MPs representing constituencies in Scotland.

8. In 1622 a bloody Indian attack took the lives of 347 colonists. Morale sank, and James I in 1624 revoked the charter, Virginia becoming a royal colony.

9. In the early years of the sixteenth century English thinkers had themselves interested in the work of the Dutch philosopher Erasmus.

10. Thus female abolitionists, driven by the urgencies of conscience, were almost forced to become advocates of women’s rights.

11. Some Puritans – later called Congregationalists – favoured a completely decentralized arrangement, with the members of each church and their chosen minister beholden only to one another.

12. The Venetians also supplied young Slavs, captured or purchased along the nearby Dalmatian coast, to the markets of Egypt and Syria (the word slave originally meant Slav).

13. They (the lords) needed money rather than the services of serfs to buy the expensive oriental luxuries being dangled before their eyes by traders.

14. This decline in economy resulted principally from the terrible losses occasioned by the plague known as the Black Death, which ravaged Europe in the mid-14^th century.

15. The routes were being long and complicated, with pirates and highwaymen being a constant threat to the traders.

16. Richard the Hunchback was a bad character. He not only murdered Henry VI while he was a captive, but had his own brother, Clarence, who was imprisoned by Edward IV for conspiracy and died mysteriously, drowned in a butt of malmsey.

17. By the 11^th century, Venice had established a thriving trade with Constantinople, shipping large quantities of European foodstuffs to the great metropolis on the Bosporus.

18. The land he had spied was an island in the West Indies, a place distinguished by neither beauty nor size.

19. The feminist Abby Kelley wrote, “Striving to strike the slave’s irons off, we found most surely ourselves manacled”.

20. When Christopher Columbus went ashore bearing the flag of Spanish Castile, he named it San Salvador, or Holy Savior.

21. Settling in Boston, he became an agent of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society and a featured speaker at its public meetings.

22. More radical Protestants stated the Anglican Church resembling much the Church of Rome. They objected to the richly decorated vestments worn by the clergy and to the use of candles, incense, and music in church services, with the emphasis put on reading and analyzing the Bible.

23. The Age of Discovery was in a sense the last Crusade, with its leaders displaying mixed religious and material motives along with a love of adventure.

24. Spurred by the plans for land sales and settlement, Congress drafted a new and more specific frame of territorial government to replace Jefferson’s ordinance of 1784.

25. Having carefully read Marco Polo’s account of his adventures in the service of Kublai Khan, Columbus had decided that these rich lands could be reached by sailing directly west from Europe.

26. (For Europe) Spices such as pepper, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg, and cloves were of first importance, their role being not so much to titillate the palate as to disguise the taste of spoiled meats in regions that had little ice.

27. In the 1480s King John II (of Portugal) undertook systematic new explorations focused on reaching India.

28. In the 1530s Francisco Pizarro subdued the Inca Empire in Peru, providing the Spaniards with still more treasure, drawn chiefly from the silver mine of Potosi.

29. A license to colonise Virginia was granted, and two joint-stock companies were organised, with one controlled by London merchants, the other by a group from the area around Plymouth and Bristol.

30. The only profits were those taken by certain shrewd investors, with them organizing a joint-stock company to transport women to Virginia “to be wives” by the colonists.

31. Many landless Englishmen were eager to migrate, it offered a decent opportunity to obtain land and make new lives for themselves.

32. Since they wanted to “purify” Anglicanism, those people encouraged ordinary worshipers to understand the Bible and the faith, with these critics called Puritans.

33. Lacking competent leaders and faced with appalling hardships, the Jamestown colonists failed to develop a sufficient sense of common purpose.

34. In 1837 Elijah Lovejoy, a Garrisonian newspaper editor in Alton, Illinois, first saw his press destroyed by fire and then was himself murdered by a mob.

35. While being a bondsman he had received a full portion of beatings and other indignities; but he had been allowed to learn to read and write and to master a trade, - opportunities denied the vast majority of slaves.

36. The separation from Europe made, some facts affected some settlers differently than others.

37. Given the existing race prejudice and the degrading impact of slavery, this demographic change had an enormous impact on life wherever blacks were concentrated.

38. time spent by a woman away from home or devoted to matters unrelated to the care of husband and family was, according to the new doctrine of “separate spheres”, time misappropriated.

39. The conservatives have always been the party of the Right, identified with the existing social order.

40. Most people reasoned that the work was easy and that it kept youngsters busy at usual tasks while providing their families with extra income.

41. At each level a man had to promise loyalty and service to his lord. This promise was made as a ceremony, with the lord sitting on his chair and his vassal kneeling before him, his hands placed between those of his lord.

42. One side at the House is occupied by the Government and the MPs who support it, the other, facing them, by Her Majesty’s Opposition.

43. At the 1981 census 19 per cent of the whole population claimed that they could speak Welsh, as compared with 29 per cent in 1951.

44. The Celtic bishops went out from their monasteries of Wales, Ireland and Scotland, walking from village to village teaching Christianity.

45. The density of the black population increasing, in each colony regulations governing the behaviour of blacks, both free and slave, increased in severity. The South Carolina Negro Act was established in 1740.

46. More well-to-do, “middling” planters had more comfortable life-styles, but they still lived in relatively crowded quarters, having perhaps three rooms to house a family and a couple of servants.

47. The law administered by these travelling judges became known as “common law”, because it was used everywhere.

48. Although they (the Angles) kept some animals, they spent more time growing crops. This meant that land was held by individual people, each man working on his own land.

49. Much of this newly cleared land quickly became exhausted, because реу soil was too poor, being either too heavy or too light and sandy.

50. William the Conqueror’s coronation did not go as planned.

51. Viewed from the perspective, Russia was the rightful world center of Christianity, for heretical doctrines had corrupted the churches of Rome and Byzantium (the first and second Romes).

52. For money the Celts used iron bars, until they began to copy the Roman coins they saw used in Gaul (France).

53. Facing the Government front bench is the Opposition front bench, used by members of the shadow cabinet.

54. According to the code of chivalry, the perfect knight fought for his good name if insulted, served God and the King, and defended any lady in need.

55. The Church of Scotland is quite separate, having a different organization without bishops.

56. In the 1970s the countries of Britain prepared new long-term structure plans for their development, with them based on forecasts of population, industry and services.

57. Legislation which came into force in Northern Ireland in 1990 introduced reforms broadly in line with those being implemented in England and Wales under the Education Reform Act.

58. Later we find Shakespeare using this style in Prose dialogue.

59. This specimen appears to be very old, its surface being much corroded and bleached by exposure.

60. Their being neither a stream nor a river, he had to keep the vegetable beds moist and prevent them from being sunburnt.

61. The evidence, such as it is , seems to show that urban life, as understood by the Romans disappeared

62. Sets of ivory panels, which once adorned the king’s throne, illustrated the men of Iran bringing in their vassal tribute to the King of Assyria.

Упражнение 2. Прочтите отрывок из текста. Проанализируйте в нем все глагольные формы и определите, являются ли они сказуемым предложений, причастием (I или II) или герундием. Помните, что причастие I и герундий имеют одинаковые формы и частично совпадают по функциям в предложении (определение и обстоятельство). Однако в таких функциях герундию всегда предшествует предлог, а причастие предлога не имеет. Переведите отрывок, учитывая все особенности этих форм (вид, залог, а также время сказуемого) и их функции в предложениях.

Even in the relatively limited area that the first Spanish explorers visited, the native cultures displayed an extraordinary variety. If the people who greeted Columbus were relatively primitive, the civilizations of the Incas of Peru and the Aztecs of Mexico were in many respects as highly developed as any of Europe and Asia. The Incas built roads as enduring as those of the Romans. Montezuma, the Aztec emperor lived in a great palace surrounded by courtiers and servants in a city as large as and far more impressive architecturally than Madrid, the home of Cortés’s master, King Charles V. north of Mexico no such imposing civilization existed, but the number of different patterns of life was enormous. Some groups were nomads who lived by hunting and fishing. Others lived settled lives based on hunting and agriculture. “Political organization among Indians varied from the simple family groups of the remote Arctic and desert West to the complex confederacies of tribes in the East,” Wilcomb Washburn writes in The Indian in America.

Hunting and fishing – which, again like many Europeans, the Indians regarded as sports as well as sources of food – were usually male occupations, as was warfare.

In agricultural communities, men and women shared other tasks; in general, the men did the heavy work of clearing land and building shelters; the women did planting, cultivating, and harvesting. When Indians observed European men planting seeds and weeding their fields, they scoffed at them for their being effeminate.

Most Europeans assumed the non-Europeans as being inferior. Apparently their prejudices were not always of racial origin. Some early colonists considered Indians as members of the white race, their skin having been darkened by exposure to the elements. The term red man did ot become current until the 18^th century.

(from “A short History of the American Nation”, by John A.Garraty)

Библиографический список

1. Бонди Е.А. Учебник английского языка для студентов-историков. М., 2003

2. Качалова К.Н., Израилевич Е.Е. Практическая грамматика английского языка. М., 1959

3. Мальчевская Т. Н. Сборник упражнений по переводу гуманитарных текстов с английского языка на русский. Ленинград, Наука, 1978

4. Шерешевская М.А., Эльянова Н.М. Учебник английского языка для филологов и историков. (ч.1, ч.2). Ленинград, 1973

5. Bromhead, P. Life in Modern Britain. Longman, England, 1995.

6. Bromhead, P. Life in Modern America. Longman, England, 1996.

7. Joan De Bardeleben. Russian Politics in Transition. USA, 1997

8. David McDowall. An Illustrated History of Britain. UK, 2004

9. John A.Garraty. A Short History of the American Nation. USA, 1991

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