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25. Define the Absolute Participle Construction in the following sentences and translate them:

1. All the problems having been solved, they stopped the discussion. 2. Maps for building a road are made by planners, a separate plan being drawn for each individual section. 3. The road conditions being unchanged, the automobile can travel at a constant speed. 4. A variety of road building equipment is employed in road building, a bulldozer being the most widely used. 5. The experiment having been finished, they started new investigations. 6. The term “speed” means the rate of motion, the term “velocity” meaning the speed in a definite direction. 7. Cars with internal combustion engines having appeared, the automobile industry began developing rapidly. 8. The population of the city increasing, much attention must be paid to highway construction.

26. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the function of the Gerund:

1. Building a road tunnel through a mountain takes much time. 2. A new system of removing snow and ice from the city streets by using heat has been tested in Moscow. 3. In planning the bridges considerable attention was paid to their appearance. 4. We must avoid placing concrete on frozen subgrade. 5. The British and French government signed an agreement to built a tunnel and digging began. 6. Heating may change the properties of the substance. 7. It is not possible to start a construction job without levelling the site. 8. The scientists considered different ways of solving the problem. 9. Cracking is usually controlled by adding steel reinforcement. 10. Good lighting helps cut accidents for both vehicles and pedestrians.

27. Choose the sentences that have the Gerund:

1. Porous asphalt reduces noise by absorbing some of the noise emitted by vehicles.

2. In the late 18th century, European engineers began designing roads that included lighter surfaces.

3. The thin coating of asphalt around the soil particles provides a high degree of waterproofing.

4. An engineer testing the pavement resistance found sufficient drawbacks.

5. When constructing a road a lot of earthworks should be done.

6. Being provided with batteries an electric car can develop a speed of 50 miles an hour.

7. Several methods of testing soil stability are used.

8. Improving the properties of the material required much time.

28. Define the part of the speech of the underlined words (Participle or Gerund) and translate the sentences:

1. Reconstructing this road will require much time and money. 2. Reconstructing this road they met with many difficulties. 3. Working at o construction site they used different types of machines. 4. Working at a construction site helps to understand all stages of road building. 5. Scientists devote much attention to the problem of changing the climate. 6. Changing the climate, science makes nature serve man. 6. Melting is a physical process. We cleared the road from melting snow. Melting ice, we get water. 7. Speeding causes accidents, so many countries have speed limits.

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