11. Choose the correct modal verb:

1. The wheel _______ be changed if you don’t want to get into an accident.

a) have to b) should c) can

2. Environmental factors ________ always be considered.

a) may b) must c) have to

3. The road _______ be reconstructed last year.

a) have to b) was to c) is to

4. Our car had broken down and we _______ walk to the station.

a) were to b) must c) had to

5. Somebody _______ to help them.

a) may b) must c) will have

12. Define the part of speech of the underlined words and translate these sentences:

a) 1. A car causes air pollution. 2. Some mistakes in calculations have been the main cause of failure of the bridge. 3. Both of these failures are almost entirely caused by traffic. 4. The continuous use of highways causes loud traffic noise creating a problem for people who live near highways. 5. These accidents are caused by speeding on icy road.

b) 1. They have read an interesting article on the subject of their investigation. 2. Aluminium loses its strength when it is subjected to a high temperature. 3. The results of their experiments are subjected to criticism. 4. The pavement is subjected to the direct action of traffic loads and of natural factors.

13. Define the part of speech of the underlined words and translate these sentences:

a) 1. Minor roads run parallel to the highways. 2. Transport running on tracks has been widely used in the cities of the 19-th century. 3. Escalator runs at full speed when carrying passengers but when empty it runs at half speed. 4. The compressor is designed to run at comparatively low speeds. 5. Great difficulties had to be overcome during the construction of the road. It runs through the taiga, huge marshes and rivers.

b) 1. Motor transport is the most efficient form of transportation over comparatively short distances. 2. In countries with a planned economy all means of transport form a single transportation system. 3. Different kinds of earth and soil are mixed together to form a pavement.

c) 1. Different metals have to be produced in different ways. 2. Cycling is another pleasant way of seeing the British countryside. 3. The roads must be maintained on a proper way. 4. The cleared way was quite wide in the forest to use new machines.

14. Find the verb in the Passive Voice:

1. a) will need b) is needed c) has needed

2. a) was employed b) has employed c) employs

3. a) mixed b) was mixing c) will be mixed

4. a) is removing b) must be removed c) had removed

5. a) has been used b) used c) uses

6. a) leveled b) is being leveled c) will level

15. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the predicates in the Passive Voice with prepositions:

1. This material was much spoken of. 2. The design of the road was much worked at. 3. The engineers’ measurements and their calculations can be relied on. 4. The experimental model will be followed by mass production of these mechanisms. 5. The new model of the device will be worked at in the plant laboratory. 6. The construction of the new tunnel was paid great attention to. 7. This document is much spoken about. 8. The specialists were sent for some days ago. 9. Beautiful bridges are looked at with great pleasure. 10. The original design of the bridge was referred to in some journals.

16. Write these sentences in another way (like in the example):

They built concrete pavement in 1865. ---- Concrete pavement was built in 1865 .

1. People pay great attention to ecological problem lately.

2. Lorries transport sand to the site.

3. People use this road very often.

4. The workers maintained the road in a proper way.

5. The scientists produced a new substance after many years of hard work.

6. The workers smooth, pave and prepare roads to allow easy travel.

7. People expect considerable noise health effects from road systems.