- •1. Before you read the text, look at the words in the box and tick the ones you know. Consult the others in the dictionary.
- •2. Match the equivalents:
- •3. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:
- •4. Answer the following questions.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •5. Fill in the correct word from the box:
- •6. Give the English equivalents to the Russian words:
- •3. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •5. Decide whether these statements are true or false? Correct the wrong ones.
- •1. Translate the following words and memorize them:
- •2. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:
- •3. Answer the following questions:
- •4. Match the beginning with the ending:
- •3. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow: Asphalt – an Ancient Constructional Material
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •5. Build derivatives from the words below and translate them:
- •6. Match the following words with their synonyms:
- •7. Put the correct forms of the words into the sentences:
- •8. Translate from Russian into English:
- •9. Read the text and choose the right statement:
- •1. Translate the following words and memorize them:
- •2. Match the equivalents:
- •3. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:
- •3. Answer the following questions:
- •Vocabulary practice
- •6. Choose the right translation of the word:
- •5. Read the following words paying attention to the stress and translate them:
- •6. Complete the table. Try to remember what the following words mean:
- •1. The following unit is devoted to planning, so what do you think?
- •2. Translate the following words and memorize them:
- •3. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents:
- •4. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:
- •5. Decide whether these statements are true or false:
- •Vocabulary practice
- •6. Choose the right translation of the word:
- •7. Fill in the correct word from the box:
- •8. Match the terms with their definitions:
- •9. Arrange the synonyms in pairs:
- •10. Form nouns from the following verbs and translate them:
- •11. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •4. Answer the following questions.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •5. Choose the right translation of the word:
- •6. Match the words with their definitions:
- •7. Find synonyms to the following words in the text:
- •8. Define the part of speech of the following words:
- •9. Translate the following groups of words into Russian:
- •10. Choose the appropriate preposition:
- •11. Write a short summary of the text. You may use the following clichés:
- •1. Translate the following words and memorize them:
- •2. Match the equivalents.
- •3. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:
- •3. Answer the following questions:
- •4. Complete the sentences using the text:
- •5. Arrange the synonyms in pairs:
- •6. Give the derivatives of the following words (adjectives, adverbs, nouns, verbs) and translate them:
- •7. Fill in the correct prepositions:
- •8. Fill in the blanks using the words below and translate the text:
- •9. Put the words in the right order to make up sentences.
- •10. Translate from Russian into English:
- •11. Write a short summary of the text. You may use the following clichés:
- •1. Before you read the article, check the meaning of these words and phrases and memorize them.
- •2. Match the equivalents:
- •3. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •Vocabulary practice
- •5. Choose the right translation of the word:
- •6. Fill in the blanks using the words below and translate the sentences:
- •7. Arrange the words according to their part of speech:
- •13. Speak about:
- •1. Translate the following words and memorize them:
- •2. Match the English words with their Russian equivalents:
- •3. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •5. Complete the following sentences:
- •Vocabulary practice
- •6. Fill in the blanks using the words below and translate the sentences:
- •12. Translate from Russian into English.
- •3. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •5. Decide whether these statements are true or false:
- •Vocabulary practice
- •6. Choose the right translation of the word:
- •7. Match the words with their definitions:
- •8. Choose the right verb:
- •3. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •Vocabulary practice
- •5. Choose the right translation of the word:
- •6. Match the words in a with an appropriate ending in b:
- •7. Fill in the blanks using the words below and translate the sentences:
- •Unit XII. Road junctions and intersections
- •3. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •5. Choose the best variant to complete the sentences:
- •Vocabulary practice
- •6. Choose the right translation of the word in bold:
- •7. Read the text in 2 minutes and answer the question:
- •8. Match the equivalents:
- •9. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:
- •10. Group the following sentences according to the topics:
- •11. Match the sentences with the paragraphs of the text. Put them in order according to the text:
- •12. Speak about traffic control using the following clichés:
- •1. Translate the following words and memorize them:
- •2. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:
- •3. Say if the following statements are true or false:
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •5. What do you think?
- •6. Insert antonyms:
- •Vocabulary practice
- •7. Fill in the missing words from the list:
- •8. Choose the right variant.
- •9. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:
- •10. Answer the following questions which will help you to make a summary of the text:
- •Supplementary reading main types of pavement
- •Pan american highway
- •Kinds of roads and highways (in America)
- •Floating road makes flooded areas passable
- •Silence is golden
- •Roads of belarus
- •Grammar focus
- •1. State the function of the verb “to be” in the following sentences and translate them:
- •2. State the function of the verb “to do” in the following sentences and translate them:
- •3. State the function of the verb “to have” in the following sentences and translate them:
- •4. Remember the function of “it”. Read and translate the following sentences:
- •5. Define the function of one (ones) and translate these sentences:
- •6. Pay attention to the words “only”, “the only”, “some”, “the same” and translate the following phrases:
- •7. Choose the right preposition and translate the sentences:
- •8. Give the appropriate degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs:
- •9. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the suffix “-er”:
- •10. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the modal verbs:
- •11. Choose the correct modal verb:
- •12. Define the part of speech of the underlined words and translate these sentences:
- •13. Define the part of speech of the underlined words and translate these sentences:
- •14. Find the verb in the Passive Voice:
- •15. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the predicates in the Passive Voice with prepositions:
- •17. Choose the best variant:
- •18. Use the correct tense-forms of the verbs in brackets:
- •19. Define the functions of the Participle and translate these sentences:
- •20. Point out the sentences with the Participle as:
- •21. Choose the best variant of translation for the underlined Participles:
- •22. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the words with the ending “-ed”:
- •23. Choose the right variant of the Participle:
- •24. Choose the right translation of the words given in the brackets:
- •25. Define the Absolute Participle Construction in the following sentences and translate them:
- •26. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the function of the Gerund:
- •27. Choose the sentences that have the Gerund:
- •28. Define the part of the speech of the underlined words (Participle or Gerund) and translate the sentences:
- •29. Translate into Russian and define the function of the Infinitive:
- •30. Read and translate the sentences with the Complex Subject:
- •31. Translate into English using the Complex Subject:
- •32. Read and translate the sentences with the Complex Object:
- •Vocabulary terms used
- •In highway engineering
- •Сокращения
- •References
4. Answer the following questions.
1. What does this text deal with?
2. What do roads and highways serve for?
3. Did people use the paths made by animals in ancient times?
4. What really accelerated the building of good roads?
5. What was the most famous trade route?
6. Why do we consider the Romans the great road builders?
7. What purpose were Roman roads built for?
8. Asphalt paving was used in some urban areas, wasn’t it?
Vocabulary practice
5. Fill in the correct word from the box:
|
hunting construction straight cobblestone ways ditches country |
Roadmaking originated in the period of early human settlements. People chose the most convenient and the shortest ________of approach to their ________and fishing grounds, making footpaths. The first artificially constructed tracks were made in mountainous and forested _______.
Road _________ was extensively developed during the Roman Empire. Their roads were ________. Materials used in the construction of Roman roads were gravel, _________and hewn (тесаный) stone. ________ helped roads to drain, even when roads were not elevated much.
6. Give the English equivalents to the Russian words:
1. Early roads were built in the Near East after the (изобретения) of the (колеса). 2. The Romans knew that the road (должна слегка наклоняться) from the centre towards both sides. 3. The centre of the highways was higher than (окружающая земля, чтобы отводить воду) from the surface. 4. The road pavement was made of (плоских камней) with (прочным основанием). 5. The Roman roads were (прямые) with (канавами вдоль сторон дороги).
Language focus
7. Match the words with their synonyms:
a) to ship, car, to manufacture, trip, main, to connect, path, towards
b) journey, to produce, vehicle, to carry, to, chief, way, to join
8. Match the words with their antonyms:
a) narrow, to build, curved, top, soft
b) to ruin, wide, solid, bottom, straight
9. Form the verbs from the following nouns and translate them:
Concrete (бетон) – to concrete (бетонировать)
slope, hunt, design, load, place, form, shape
10. Form the adverbs from the following adjectives and translate them:
Main (главный) – mainly (главным образом)
slight, complete, sudden, mere, recent, probable
Speak on:
-
the appearance of the first roads in the world;
-
the Roman road builders;
UNIT II. THE MASTER ROAD BUILDERS
Pre-reading tasks
1. Before you read the text, check the meaning of these words. Use a dictionary if necessary.
|
demand scarcity to carry out thoroughly edgewise suitable formation cross-section to elevate |
void to facilitate trench impermeable to compact surface course to remove layer |
2. Match the equivalents:
1. improvement а) подчёркивать
2. to pass b) дюйм
3. impassable c) непрерывное обслуживание
4. to support the load d) усовершенствование
5. uniform thickness e) относительно, сравнительно
6. inch f) идти; проходить, проезжать
7. relatively g) выдерживать нагрузку
8. to stress h) одинаковой толщины
9. continuous maintenance i) надлежащий дренаж
10. proper drainage j) непроходимый
Reading task