9. Arrange the synonyms in pairs:

needs, fulfill, permit, exact, govern, determine, locate, ditch, allow, demands, direct, carry out, trench, accurate, decide, place.

10. Form nouns from the following verbs and translate them:

To plan, to travel, to predict, to grow, to participate, to meet, to discover, to exist, to locate, to draw, to pave, to determine.

11. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Инженеры-дорожники составляют стандарты (нормы) для различных видов дорог, магистралей и мостов.

2. При планировании новой дороги следует чертить карты.

3. Карты показывают местоположение рек, озер, лесов, холмов, других дорог, железных дорог и домов.

4.Используя эти карты, инженеры выполняют детальные чертежи, называемые планами.

5. При планировании магистрали следует знать, где люди живут и куда они хотят ездить.

6. Участие общества в планировании дорог в США является весьма важным.

Speak on:

12. Speak about planning of roads and highways. Use the following expressions as introductions:

It is known that … It should be noted that …

It is essential to note that … It is a well-known fact that...

UNIT VI. ORGANIZATION OF SURVEY WORK

Pre-reading tasks

1. Translate the following words and memorize them:

survey (surveying) estimate to execute to adopt accuracy

data quarry to utilize available gradient

2. Match English and Russian equivalents.

1. survey work a. климатологическая информация

2. economic surveys b. приблизительная смета

3. engineering surveys c. изыскательские работы

4. approximate estimate d. технические изыскания

5. cartographical information e. быть ответственным за

6. climatological information f. картографическая информация

7. to be in charge of g. экономические изыскания

Reading task

3. Read the text carefully and do the tasks that follow:

Economic and engineering surveys are carried out mainly by special road designing and surveying organizations. The field work is executed by a special survey party that collects the required materials and performs the necessary surveying work. In the process of surveying appropriate data Surveyor at work with a leveling instrument

must be obtained for making an approximate estimate of the quantities and cost of the work and also for establishing the required road-building materials both from local and from outside sources, and whether their quantity is sufficient for construction of the road or bridge.

The time rates for carrying out the survey and designing work are established with a view to the type of survey and the nature of the relief of the area, as well as the climatic and other local conditions influencing the efficiency of work of the party. The head of the survey party is in charge of all works and carries full responsibility for the accuracy of the survey field work, and also for the thoroughness and quality of all the data collected.

During surveys special attention should be focused on the study of local natural conditions and in particular on the carrying out of geological and soil investigations.

The survey party usually includes a geological engineer, who is in charge of all operations concerned with geological and soil investigations, and with the location of quarries for road-building materials.

The designing and surveying departments check the quality of the survey party’s work with the aid of special inspectors.

The season of the year does not limit the survey operations at present. Surveys are carried out all the year round with the exception of the northern regions of Siberia and Far East. However, surveying operations in winter encounter considerable difficulties, which lead to an increase in cost.

When studying climatological information it is necessary to establish the general climatic conditions of the area where the road is to be laid (average monthly temperature over the year, average monthly intensity of snowfall and rainfall for a year). All these items must be substantiated by means of information obtained from local meteorological stations and from highway authorities. These data are utilized in finalizing decisions relating to design.

On the basis of the available cartographical information the location of road is selected. The location of the road is studied on large-scale maps, which are termed topographical maps. Relief and detailed regional situation are indicated on them. The alternative locations of the route are considered, whether to lead the road around or through intermediary towns and cities, to cross large water courses or along a valley, etc.

Simultaneously with map route location the main technical standards for designing the road should be established. The class of the road, the type and width of the carriageway and the overall width, maximum gradient and minimum radius of curves, etc., are included in such technical standards. The class of road and technical standards adopted must be in accordance with the potential development of traffic over a period of not less than 10 years.

Comprehension check