V. Write test 19

UNIT 20

CANCER MEDICINE: ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF CANCER

I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings

muta - change; retino - retina of the eye; germo - seed; carcino - cancer; onco - tumor; iono - ions; radio - rays, x-rays; viro - virus; chemo - drug; pharmaco - drug; toxo - poison; toxico - poison; cryo - cold; cautero - heat; mito - thread; xero - dry; polypo - polyp; -ci­dal - pertaining to killing

II. Do basic exercises

The exercises given below are of paramount importance. Though they might seem boring and dreary, their value can not be overestimated.

TASK 1. PRONUNCIATION DRILL

Sometimes it is not very difficult to understand medical terms, but their pronunciation still presents a problem. Repeat the combining forms after your teacher, pay attention to the stress and pronunciation of particular sounds.

toxo- ; muta- ; retino- ; germo- ; carcino- ; onco- ; iono- ; toxico- ;radio- ; viro- ; chemo- ; pharmaco- ; cryo- ; cautero- ; mito- ; xero- ; polypo- ; -ci­dal -.

TASK 2. COMBINING FORM  MEANING

Study the list of combining forms and their meanings. Close this list. Write down all the meanings in the blanks.

onco- ; iono- ; toxico- ; radio- ; viro- ; chemo- ; pharmaco- ; cryo- ; cautero- ; mito- ; xero- ; polypo- ; -ci­dal - ; toxo- ; muta- ; retino- ; germo- ; carcino- .

TASK 3. MEANING  COMBINING FORM

Study the list of combining forms and their meanings. Close this list. Write down all the combining forms in the blanks.

ions ; x-rays ; virus ; drug ; drug ; poison ; poison ; cold ; heat ; thread ; dry ; polyp ; pertaining to killing ; change ; retina of the eye ; seed ; cancer ; tumor .

TASK 4. LONG AND SHORT WORDS

Arrange the combining forms according to the number of letters. Fill in the table.

2	3	4	5	6		7		8		more

E.g.

2	3	4	5	6	7	8	more
re ...	ana ...	logy ...	algia ...	nephro ...	arterio ...	abdomino ...	appendico ...

III. Do additional exercises

You will find TASK 5 through TASK 19 in APPENDIX

IV. Get ready for the test

This is the most essential part of the class. Don’t forget that your mark is determined entirely by your test score. Thus, try to do the tasks below as thoroughly as possible.

The tasks in question are based on the mistakes which students tend to make writing a test. These mistakes can be roughly divided into three types, namely 1) WRONG SPELLING, 2) WRONG DEFINITION, 3) WRONG TERM.

TASK 20. WRONG SPELLING

Writing the tests students often get a lesser mark only owing to spelling mistakes. Don’t forget: all mistakes equally count, so your score depends on all the aspects. There are four types of spelling mistakes: 1) Wrong letter, e.g. *oncolysic instead of oncolytic; 2) Missing letter, e.g. *diarr ea instead of diarrhea; 3) Unnecessary letter, e.g. *spleenomegaly instead of splenomegaly; 4) Misplaced letters, e.g. *xerochielia instead of xerocheilia.

This task is going to teach you to avoid these mistakes: in each term there is only ONE spelling mistake of any of the four types. Correct all the mistakes and be very attentive writing the tests in order NOT to make SPELLING MISTAKES!

xeromania, polipous, ionophorecis, chemonucleolisis, papilloretinitis, oncocis, tosicopathic, cryonesthesia, pharmocodiagnosis, mytogenesis, mytagenic, cryophathy, polyphoid, germosidal, xeroxis, onkotomy, radyodiagnosis, toxicotis, canserolytic, ionoforetic

TASK 21. WRONG DEFINITIONS

Sometimes students give wrong definitions because they don’t know or don’t remember a combining form they need. So they write an absolutely wrong explanation which has nothing to do with the term, e.g. melanoglossia – *enlargement of glottis instead of black tongue. But strangely enough more often students write a partly wrong definition some parts of which are correct and the other ones are wrong, e.g. gastrotomy – *surgical removal of stomach instead of surgical cutting of stomach.

This task is going to teach you to avoid these mistakes: every definition is partly right and partly wrong. You must change the definition to make it suit the term. Correct all the mistakes and be very attentive writing the tests in order NOT to make MISTAKES IN DEFINITIONS!

NOTE! In this task all the terms are correct but the definitions are wrong. Don’t start to change the terms!

xeromenia dry mouth

polypous resembling polyp

ionophoresis destruction of ions

chemonucleolysis chemical movement of nucleus

papilloretinitis inflammation of retina

oncosis bone tumor

toxicopathic disease due to poison

cryoanesthesia sensation of cold

pharmacodiagnosis knowledge of drugs

mitogenesis formation of changes

TASK 22. WRONG TERMS

Sometimes students give wrong terms because they don’t know or don’t remember a combining form they need. So they write an absolutely wrong term which has nothing to do with the definition, e.g. rupture of spleen – *stomatoplasty instead of splenorrhexis. But strangely enough more often students write a partly wrong term some parts of which are correct and the other ones are wrong, e.g. enlargement of heart – *cardiocele instead of cardiomegaly.

This task is going to teach you to avoid these mistakes: every term is partly right and partly wrong. You must change the term to make it suit the definition. Correct all the mistakes and be very attentive writing the tests in order NOT to make MISTAKES IN TERMS!

NOTE! In this task all the definitions are correct but the terms are wrong. Don’t start to change the definitions!

pertaining to the production of changes

a disease caused by cold cryobiology

resembling a polyp polypous

pertaining to killing seeds germophobic

abnormal condition due to dryness xeroderma

cutting of a tumour oncostomy

pertaining to the transmission of ions ionogenic

complete knowledge using rays radioprognosis

abnormal condition caused by poisons toxicography

pertaining to the destruction of cancer cancerous