V. Write test 10

UNIT 11

CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM

I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings

cardio - heart; corono - heart; aorto - aorta; angio - vessel; vaso - vessel; arterio - artery; arteriolo - arteriole; phlebo - vein; veno - vein; venulo - venule; atrio - atrium; ventriculo - ventricle; valvo - valve; stetho - chest; sphygmo - pulse; oxo - oxygen; athero - yellowish plaque; aneurysmo - aneurysm; de - lack of

II. Do basic exercises

The exercises given below are of paramount importance. Though they might seem boring and dreary, their value can not be overestimated.

TASK 1. PRONUNCIATION DRILL

Sometimes it is not very difficult to understand medical terms, but their pronunciation still presents a problem. Repeat the combining forms after your teacher, pay attention to the stress and pronunciation of particular sounds.

veno- ; venulo- ; atrio- ; ventriculo- ; valvo- ; stetho- ; sphygmo- ; oxo- ; cardio- ; corono- ; aorto- ; angio- ; vaso- ; arterio- ; arteriolo- ; phlebo- ; athero- ; aneurysmo- ; de-.

TASK 2. COMBINING FORM  MEANING

Study the list of combining forms and their meanings. Close this list. Write down all the meanings in the blanks.

valvo- ; stetho- ; sphygmo- ; oxo- ; cardio- ; corono- ; aorto- ; angio- ; vaso- ; arterio- ; arteriolo- ; phlebo- ; veno- ; venulo- ; atrio- ; ventriculo- ; athero- ; aneurysmo- ; de- .

TASK 3. MEANING  COMBINING FORM

Study the list of combining forms and their meanings. Close this list. Write down all the combining forms in the blanks.

vessel ; artery ; arteriole ; vein ; vein ; venule ; atrium ; ventricle ; valve ; chest ; pulse ; oxygen ; heart ; aorta ; vessel ; yellowish plaque ; heart ; aneurysm ; lack of .

TASK 4. LONG AND SHORT WORDS

Arrange the combining forms according to the number of letters. Fill in the table.

2	3	4	5	6		7		8		more

E.g.

2	3	4	5	6	7	8	more
re ...	ana ...	logy ...	algia ...	nephro ...	arterio ...	abdomino ...	appendico ...

III. Do additional exercises

You will find TASK 5 through TASK 19 in APPENDIX

IV. Get ready for the test

This is the most essential part of the class. Don’t forget that your mark is determined entirely by your test score. Thus, try to do the tasks below as thoroughly as possible.

The tasks in question are based on the mistakes which students tend to make writing a test. These mistakes can be roughly divided into three types, namely 1) WRONG SPELLING, 2) WRONG DEFINITION, 3) WRONG TERM.

TASK 20. WRONG SPELLING

Writing the tests students often get a lesser mark only owing to spelling mistakes. Don’t forget: all mistakes equally count, so your score depends on all the aspects. There are four types of spelling mistakes: 1) Wrong letter, e.g. *oncolysic instead of oncolytic; 2) Missing letter, e.g. *diarr ea instead of diarrhea; 3) Unnecessary letter, e.g. *spleenomegaly instead of splenomegaly; 4) Misplaced letters, e.g. *xerochielia instead of xerocheilia.

This task is going to teach you to avoid these mistakes: in each term there is only ONE spelling mistake of any of the four types. Correct all the mistakes and be very attentive writing the tests in order NOT to make SPELLING MISTAKES!

cardiomyolyposis, arotosclerosis, periateritis, venopheritoneostomy, sphigmic, cardiosele, stenthospasm, aneurhysmal, vassoneuropathy, hyperonxia, cardiodinia, atiromegaly, vosoid, pleboclysis, valvetomy, atherogetic, ventricoloscopy, aortorhaphy, cardioectasia, vasoneurestomy

TASK 21. WRONG DEFINITIONS

Sometimes students give wrong definitions because they don’t know or don’t remember a combining form they need. So they write an absolutely wrong explanation which has nothing to do with the term, e.g. melanoglossia – *enlargement of glottis instead of black tongue. But strangely enough more often students write a partly wrong definition some parts of which are correct and the other ones are wrong, e.g. gastrotomy – *surgical removal of stomach instead of surgical cutting of stomach.

This task is going to teach you to avoid these mistakes: every definition is partly right and partly wrong. You must change the definition to make it suit the term. Correct all the mistakes and be very attentive writing the tests in order NOT to make MISTAKES IN DEFINITIONS!

NOTE! In this task all the terms are correct but the definitions are wrong. Don’t start to change the terms!

cardiomyoliposis condition of fat in muscles

aortosclerosis tightening of joints

periarteritis inflammation of arteries

venoperitoneostomy surgical cutting of veins in peritomium

sphygmic irregular pulse

cardiocele inflammation of heart

stethospasm destruction of chest

aneurysmal pertaining to nerves

vasoneuropathy disease of nerves and veins

hyperoxia lack of oxygen

TASK 22. WRONG TERMS

Sometimes students give wrong terms because they don’t know or don’t remember a combining form they need. So they write an absolutely wrong term which has nothing to do with the definition, e.g. rupture of spleen – *stomatoplasty instead of splenorrhexis. But strangely enough more often students write a partly wrong term some parts of which are correct and the other ones are wrong, e.g. enlargement of heart – *cardiocele instead of cardiomegaly.

This task is going to teach you to avoid these mistakes: every term is partly right and partly wrong. You must change the term to make it suit the definition. Correct all the mistakes and be very attentive writing the tests in order NOT to make MISTAKES IN TERMS!

NOTE! In this task all the definitions are correct but the terms are wrong. Don’t start to change the definitions!

pain in the heart carditis

enlargement of the atrium aortomegaly

resembling a vessel vasoidosis

irrigation of a vein phlebotomy

the process of cutting a valve valvectomy

pertaining to the production of yellow plaques athrogenic

visual examination of a ventricle ventriculography

suturing of the aorta aortostenosis

dilation of the heart cardiocele

surgical removal of vessels and nerves vasectomy