- •English for medical students
- •Preface
- •Medicine as a science. Branches of medicine
- •Branches of medicine
- •Basic sciences
- •Diagnostic specialties
- •Clinical disciplines
- •Human organism human anatomy
- •The cell
- •Properties of cells:
- •Cell membrane: a cell's protective coat
- •Cytoskeleton: a cell's scaffold
- •Genetic material
- •Organelles
- •Cell nucleus (a cell's information center)
- •Ribosomes (the protein production machine)
- •Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (the power generators)
- •Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus (macromolecule managers)
- •Lysosomes and Peroxisomes (the cellular digestive system)
- •Centrioles
- •Vacuoles
- •The tissue
- •Human organ systems
- •The anatomical position
- •Relative directions
- •Median and sagittal plane
- •Coronal plane
- •Transverse plane
- •Special cases
- •Body cavities
- •Digestive system
- •Introduction
- •Ingestion
- •Digestion: stomach
- •Digestion and absorption: small intestine
- •Absorption: large intestine
- •Answer the questions
- •Ulcerative colitis
- •Urinary system
- •Introduction
- •Kidneys: location and structure
- •Kidneys: function
- •Urine production
- •Answer the questions
- •Cystitis
- •Reproductive system
- •Introduction
- •Male reproductive organs
- •Female reproductive organs
- •Development of sex cells
- •Answer the questions
- •Vaginismus
- •Prostatitis
- •Nervous system
- •Introduction
- •Cns: neurons, brain, spinal cord
- •Pns: somatic (voluntary) nervous system, autonomic (involuntary) nervous system
- •Sense organs
- •Answer the questions
- •Ischemic stroke
- •Immediate treatment
- •Cardiovascular system
- •Introduction
- •Components of blood
- •How blood clots
- •How red blood cells carry oxygen
- •Blood pressure
- •The heart (the pump)
- •Answer the questions
- •Mitral stenosis
- •Respiratory system
- •Introduction
- •Lungs and air passages
- •Gas exchange
- •Respiration
- •Answer the questions
- •Lymphatic system
- •Introduction
- •Capillary hydrostatic pressure: fluid diffusion and reabsorption
- •Lymph vessels
- •Lymph organs: nodes, nodules, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils
- •Answer the questions
- •Lymphadenitis and lymphangitis
- •Skeletal system
- •Introduction
- •Axial skeleton
- •Appendicular skeleton
- •Ossification and reconstruction
- •Bone marrow
- •Answer the questions
- •Osteoarthritis
- •Muscular system
- •Introduction
- •Cardiac muscle
- •Smooth muscle
- •Skeletal muscle
- •Muscle fibers and exercise
- •Answer the questions
- •Myasthenia gravis
- •Skin (integumentary system)
- •Introduction
- •Skin: epidermal layers
- •Skin: dermal layers
- •Sudoriferous (sweat) and sebaceous (oil) glands
- •Hair and nails
- •Skin color
- •Answer the questions
- •Endocrine system
- •Introduction
- •Glands and neural components
- •Homeostatic feedback mechanisms
- •Pituitary gland
- •Thyroid gland
- •Adrenal glands
- •Ovaries and testes
- •Answer the questions
- •Type 1 diabetes
- •Insulin
- •Vascular disease
- •I. What is cancer?
- •II. Terminology of cancer
- •III. History of oncology
- •IV. Oncological diseases
- •1. Laryngeal cancer
- •Symptoms:
- •Diagnosis:
- •Treatment:
- •2. Lung cancer
- •Causes:
- •Symptoms:
- •Diagnosis:
- •Treatment:
- •3. Colon cancer
- •Causes, incidence, and risk factors:
- •Symptoms:
- •Signs and tests:
- •Treatment:
- •4. Brain tumor
- •Causes, incidence, and risk factors:
- •Symptoms:
- •Signs and tests:
- •Treatment :
- •Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen
- •I. Diagnostic radiology
- •II. Therapeutic radiology
- •III. Interventional radiology
- •Answer the questions
- •Pharmacology
- •For the gastrointestinal tract or digestive system
- •For the cardiovascular system
- •For the central nervous system
- •For musculo-skeletal disorders
- •Why we need vitamins
- •Vitamin deficiencies
- •Analgesics
- •Paracetamol and nsaiDs
- •Opiates and morphinomimetics
- •Combinations
- •Topical or systemic
- •Psychotropic agents
- •Addiction
- •Antibiotics
- •Side effects
- •Antibiotic resistance
- •Vaccines
- •Origin of vaccines
- •Developing immunity
- •Potential for adverse side effects in general
- •Answer the questions
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 1
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 2
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 3
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 4
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 5
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 6
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 7
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 8
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 9
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 10
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 11
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 12
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 13
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 14
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 15
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 16
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 17
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 18
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 19
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 20
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 21
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 22
- •I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
- •II. Do basic exercises
- •III. Do additional exercises
- •IV. Get ready for the test
- •V. Write test 23
I. Learn new combining forms and their meanings
adeno - gland; arthro - joint; bio - life; carcino - cancerous; cardio - heart; cephalo - head; cerebro - brain; ciso - to cut; crino - to secrete; cyto - cell; dermo - skin; dermato - skin; electro - electricity; encephalo - brain; entero - intestines; erythro - red; gastro - stomach; geno - producing; gnoso - knowledge; gyneco - woman; hemo - blood; hemato - blood; leuko (leuco) - white; nephro - kidney; neuro - nerve; onco - tumor; ophthalmo - eye; osteo - bone; patho - disease; physio - nature; psycho - mind; radio - rays; rhino - nose; scopo - visual examination; sectio - to cut; thrombo - clot; tomo - to cut; uro - urine; -algia - pain; -cyte - cell; -ectomy - surgical removal; -emia - blood condition; -gram - record; -logy - science; -oma - tumor; -opsy - to view; -scope - instrument for visual examination; -tome - instrument for cutting; -tomy - process of cutting; -ac - pertaining to; -al -pertaining to; -ia - condition; -ic - pertaining to; -ist - specialist; -itis - inflammation; -osis - condition; a - no; an - no; auto - self; ana - up; dia - complete; endo - within; epi - above; ex - out; exo - outside; hyper - above, excessive; hypo - under; re - back; retro - behind; peri - surrounding; pro - before; trans – across.
II. Do basic exercises
The exercises given below are of paramount importance. Though they might seem boring and dreary, their value can not be overestimated.
TASK 1. PRONUNCIATION DRILL
Sometimes it is not very difficult to understand medical terms, but their pronunciation still presents a problem. Repeat the combining forms after your teacher, pay attention to the stress and pronunciation of particular sounds.
psycho- ; radio- ; rhino- ; scopo- ; sectio- ; thrombo- ; tomo- ; uro- ; -algia ; -cyte ; -ectomy ; adeno- ; arthro- ; bio- ; carcino- ; cardio- ; cephalo- ; cerebro- ; ciso- ; erythro- ; gastro- ; geno- ; gnoso- ; gyneco- ; hemo- ; hemato- ; leuko- (leuco-) ; nephro- ; neuro- ; onco- ; ophthalmo- ; osteo- ; patho- ; physio- ; crino- ; cyto- ; dermo- ; dermato- ; electro- ; encephalo- ; entero- ; -emia ; -gram ; -logy ; -oma ; -opsy ; -scope ; -tome ; -tomy ; -ac ; -al ; -ia ; -ic ; -ist ; -itis ; -osis ; a- ; an- ; auto- ; ana- ; dia- ; endo- ; epi- ; ex- ; exo- ; hyper- ; hypo- ; re- ; retro- ; peri- ; pro- ; trans-.
TASK 2. COMBINING FORM MEANING
Study the list of combining forms and their meanings. Close this list. Write down all the meanings in the blanks.
-ectomy ; adeno- ; arthro- ; -logy ; -oma ; -opsy ; -scope ; -tome ; -tomy ; -ac ; -al ; -ia ; -ic ; -ist ; -itis ; -osis ; a- ; an- ; auto- ; ana- ; dia- ; endo- ; epi- ; ex- ; exo- ; hyper- ; hypo- ; re- ; retro- ; peri- ; pro- ; trans- ; bio- ; carci no- ; cardio- ; cephalo- ; cerebro- ; ciso- ; erythro- ; gastro- ; geno- ; gnoso- ; gyneco- ; hemo- ; hemato- ; leuko- (leuco-) ; nephro- ; neuro- ; onco- ; ophthalmo- ; osteo- ; patho- ; physio- ; crino- ; cyto- ; dermo- ; dermato- ; electro- ; encephalo- ; entero- ; -emia ; -gram ; psycho- ; radio- ; rhino- ; scopo- ; sectio- ; thrombo- ; tomo- ; uro- ; -algia ; -cyte .
TASK 3. MEANING COMBINING FORM
Study the list of combining forms and their meanings. Close this list. Write down all the combining forms in the blanks.
blood ; white ; kidney ; nerve ; tumor ; eye ; bone ; disease ; nature ; mind ; rays ; nose ; visual examination ; to cut ; clot ; to cut ; urine ; pain ; cell ; surgical removal ; blood condition ; record ; science ; tumor ; to view ; instrument for visual examination ; instrument for cutting ; process of cutting ; pertaining to ; gland ; joint ; life ; cancerous ; heart ; head ; brain ; to cut ; to secrete ; cell ; skin ; skin ; electricity ; brain ; intestines ; red ; stomach ; producing ; knowledge ; woman ; blood ; pertaining to ; condition ; pertaining to ; specialist ; inflammation ; condition ; no ; no ; self ; up ; complete ; within ; above ; out ; outside ; above, excessive ; under ; back ; behind ; surrounding ; before ; across .
TASK 4. LONG AND SHORT WORDS
Arrange the combining forms according to the number of letters. Fill in the table.
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re ... |
ana ... |
logy ... |
algia ... |
nephro ... |
arterio ... |
abdomino ... |
appendico ... |