Герундий

(THE GERUND)

Герундий – это неличная форма глагола, образованная с помощью окончания – ing и имеющая характеристики существительного и глагола.

Формы герундия

TENSE	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
Indefinite	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

Использование герундия

Герундий используется:

1) после глаголов:

admit

appreciate

avoid

burst out

cannot help

deny

enjoy

excuse

forgive

give up

go on

keep (on)

mind

postpone

resist

2) после глаголов и словосочетаний с предлогом:

to accuse of

to approve of

to be astonished at

to be aware of

to be busy in

to be capable of

to be fond of

to be guilty of

to be pleased at

to be proud of

to be sure of

to be surprised at

to be worth (while)

to complain of

to feel like

to give up the idea of

to insist on

to look forward to

to look like

to miss an opportunity

to object to

to prevent from

to rely on

to speak of

to suspect of

to succeed in

to thank for

to think of

После следующих глаголов и словосочетаний используется как герундий, так и инфинитив:

to be afraid

to begin

can (cannot) afford

to continue

to forget

to hate

to intend

to like (to dislike)

to neglect

to prefer

to propose

to recollect

to remember

to start

to stop

Функции герундия

FUNCTION	EXAMPLES
1. Подлежащее	Obtaining these data is necessary for our research. Получение этих данных необходимо для наших исследований.
2. Часть сказуемого	The only way out is searching for new methods. Единственный выход – это поиск новых методов.
3. Дополнение	I love solving arithmetic problems. Я люблю решать арифметические задачки.
4. Определение	There were the sounds of the discussion being heard behind the door. Слышались звуки обсуждения, доносящиеся из закрытой комнаты.
5. Обстоятельство	On leaving the laboratory I switched the light off. Уходя из лаборатории, я выключил свет.

Особенности перевода

THE RULES OF TRANSLATION	EXAMPLES
1. именем существительным	Reading is useful for everyone. Чтение полезно для каждого.
2. неопределенной формой глагола	They should have been examined the machine again before putting it into operation. Им следовало проверить машину снова перед тем, как ее включить.
3. деепричастием	And without waiting for the answer he left the room. И, не дожидаясь ответа, он вышел.
4. придаточным предложением	I remember having used this method before. Я помню, что я уже использовал этот метод.

EXERCISES

1. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the tense and voice distinctions of the gerunds.

1. He likes being invited to scientific conferences. 2. On returning home I found a message on my table. 3. He thinks of completing the experiment in time. 4. After having spoken with the advisor I cheered up. 5. He is afraid of getting bad marks that is why he is always busy in reading for his exams. 6. The machine needs repairing. 7. Everybody was surprised at seeing him here. 8. The students can improve their pronunciation by reading aloud. 9. He does not like being interrupted. 10. Excuse my having interrupted you. 11. It is impossible to discuss a picture without seeing or having seen it. 12. He succeeded in mastering his specialty. 13. Would you mind switching the light on? 14. Your having been late was unexpected. 15. His being late is a usual thing. 16. When will you finish reading this book? 17. We heard of his having been sent to the students’ conference. 18. I remember having seen this device at the laboratory. 19. We can calculate the perimeter of a circle by measuring its radius. 20. On being told the news, she showed no surprise. 21. Students master the subject matter not only by reading and learning, but also by proving theorems and solving problems.

2. Use gerund or infinitive in the following sentences.

1. He began (deliver) the lecture. 2. I couldn’t help (criticize) his point of view concerning the computer games. 3. I know that he intends (invite) me. 4. This book is worth (read). 5. He prefers (learn) the English words. 6. I don’t like (interfere). 7. I don’t like (interfere) with. 8. I feel like (show) you my latest publications. 9. I disliked (argue) with him. 10. I didn’t want (discuss) the problem. 11. He proposed (consult) the professor. 12. His proposal is worth (consider). 13. The student neglected (take) the dean’s advice. 14. It is no use (work) at this problem.

3. Use the necessary preposition.

1. I’ll look forward ______ seeing the results of calculations. 2. I thought ______ taking a trip after final examinations. 3. He is good _____ programming. 4. He succeeded _____ programming. 5. They insisted _____ my accepting the invitation to the conference. 6. He prevented her ___doing this work. 7. They accused me ____ being rude. 8. She was fond _____ reading English books in the original. 9. They were afraid____ being late. 10. I’m proud _____ having solved this problem. 11. I don’t know if he is capable _____ making decisions. 12. After half an hour he was tired _____ searching for information in the Internet. 13. We are sure___ his having passed the examination successfully. 14. Do you object ___ my taking part in the research? 15. I am busy ____ compiling the program. 15. She gave ___ thinking of that idea. 16. We rely ___ his coming in time. 17. We knew ___ his having done it. 18. It’s worth ____ discussing the phenomenon. 19. I was astonished ____ having heard the news. 20. I don’t approve ____your missing the classes.

TEXT 1

WHAT VIRUSES DO AND WHAT VIRUSES DON’T DO

Some viruses are programmed specifically to damage the data on your computer by corrupting programs, deleting files, or erasing your entire hard disk. Many of the currently known Macintosh viruses are not designed to do any damage. However, because of bugs (programming errors), an infected system may behave erratically. Computer viruses don’t infect files on write-protected disks and don’t infect documents, except in the case of Word macro viruses. They don’t infect compressed files either. However, applications within a compressed file can have been infected before they are compressed. Viruses also don’t infect computer hardware, such as monitors or computer chips; they only infect software. In addition, Macintosh viruses don’t infect DOS-based computer software. For example, the famous Michelangelo does not infect Macintosh applications. Again, exceptions to this rule are the Word and Excel macro viruses, which infect spreadsheets, document and templates, which can be opened by either Windows or Macintosh computers.

TASKS

1. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and transcribe them.

1. virus (n.)

2. specifically (adv.)

3. spreadsheet (n.)

4. template (n.)

2. Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations.

1. to damage the data

2. to corrupt programs

3. to delete files

4. to erase hard disk

5. programming errors

6. an infected system

7. to infect files

8. write-protected disks

9. in the case of

10. compressed files

11. in addition

12. DOS-based computer software

13. the Word and Excel macro viruses

14. to infect spreadsheets, document and templates

3. Translate the text into Russian in a written form. Then translate it into English.