Причастия

(THE PARTICIPLES)

Образование причастий

ПРИЧАСТИЕ НАСТОЯЩЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ (Participle I, the Present Participle)	ПРИЧАСТИЕ ПРОШЕДШЕГО ВРЕМЕНИ (Participle II, the Past Participle)
образуется с помощью прибавления к основе глагола окончания –ing: to play – playing to run – running	1) образуется с помощью прибавления к основе правильного глагола окончания –ed: to play-played to devote –devoted 2) соответствует третьей форме неправильных глаголов: to write-written to do- done

Формы причастия настоящего времени

TENSE	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
Indefinite	writing	being written
Perfect	having written	having been written

Функции причастий

FUNCTIONS	EXAMPLES
1. Определение	The discussing problem is of great importance for science. Обсуждаемая проблема - очень важна для науки. The problem being discussed is of great importance for science. Проблема, которую обсуждают, очень важна для науки. The discussed problem is of great importance for science. Обсужденная проблема очень важна для науки. The problem having being discussed is of great importance for science. Проблема, которую обсудили, очень важна для науки.
2. Обстоятельство	Having discussed the problem, he started his experiment. Обсудив проблему (После того, как он обсудил проблему), он приступил к экспе-рименту. When questioned, he thought for a minute and then gave an answer. Когда ему задали вопрос, он подумал минуту, а затем дал ответ.
3. Часть сказуемого	They are discussing the problem. Они обсуждают проблему. The problem is being discussed. Проблема обсуждается. The problem has been discussed. Проблему обсудили.
4. Часть сложного дополнения	I heard them discussing this problem. Я слышал(а), как они обсуждают эту проблему. She has found the work undone. Она обнаружила, что работа не выполнена.

Конструкции с причастиями

1. Объектный падеж с причастием / сложное дополнение (The Objective Participial Construction)

RULE	TRANSLATION	EXAMPLES
В этой конструкции причастие находится в связи с существитель-ным в общем падеже или местоимением в объектном падеже. Конструкция имеет функцию сложного до-полнения. Используется с глаголами see, hear, find, watch, observe, consider, understand, want, wish, desire, have, get и др. После глаголов want, wish, desire, have, get обычно используется причастие прошедшего времени.	Переводится, как прави-ло, с помощью допол-нительного придаточ-ного предложения.	I saw them playing computer games. Я видел(а), как они играют в компьютерные игры. I consider the problem having been discussed. Я считаю, что проблема обсуждена. He wants it done well. Он хочет, чтобы это было сделано хорошо.

2. Именительный падеж с причастием / Сложное подлежащее (The Subjective Participial Construction)

RULE	TRANSLATION	EXAMPLES
В этой конструкции причастие находится в связи с подлежащим, которое может быть выражено существи-тельным в общем паде-же или местоимением в именительном падеже. Конструкция имеет функцию сложного под-лежащего. Используется с глаголами see, hear, feel, find, know, think, expect, say, и др.	Переводится, как прави-ло, сложноподчиненным предложением, главное предложение которого – неопределенно-личное предложение, такое как: говорят, сообщают, считают, известно и т.д.; придаточное пред-ложение вводится сою-зом как.	They were heard discussing something. Слышно было, как они что-то обсуждали.

3. Самостоятельный причастный оборот (The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction)

Представляет трудности для перевода, так как может выполнять в предложении разные функции (например, обстоятельства времени, причины, условия) и соответственно переводится различными придаточными предложениями с союзами так как, поскольку, ввиду того что, когда, после того как, в то время как, если и т.п.:

The exams passed, he began to think of the coming trip.

Когда он сдал экзамены, он начал думать о предстоящей поездке.

This work being completed, you’ll have some free days.

Если работа будет выполнена, у вас будет несколько свободных

дней (выходных).

Weather permitting, we shall start tomorrow.

Если погода позволит, мы поедем завтра.

EXERCISES

1. State the functions of participles. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Having arrived two days before the conference, we had enough time to go around the city. 2. The conference being held at the University is devoted to new technologies. 3. Unable to attend the conference having been held at the University, we were asked to send written reports. 4. Knowing how fond he is of mathematics I bought him some books. 5. While discussing that problem we argued a lot about it. 6. The scientist working at the project is a leading scientist of the research laboratory. 7. The student kept silence as if waiting for further explanation. 8. Here is the book on informatics you are looking for. 9. Having completed the experiment they compared the results. 10. They were arguing when I entered the laboratory. 11. We tried all the methods recommended. 12. The discovery made by the scientist is of great importance. 13. The problem may be considered solved. 14. The results of the research have been reported at the conference. 15. Program instructions and data are held in memory until fetched by the control unit signals. 16. When adding numbers, we don’t pay attention to the order in which they are taken. 17. Many complicated problems are being solved with the help of computers. 18. Arithmetic, algebra, analytic geometry, calculus, differential geometry are regarded as subdivisions of mathematics. 19. The Internet offers full university-level courses to all registered students. 20. Web pages have been established with the aim to offer access to a world of information. 21. Considered from this point of view the question will be of great interest.

2. Point out Objective Participial Construction. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. I saw him entering the lecture hall. 2. I heard him delivering a lecture on programming. 3. He heard his name mentioned. 4. I heard him speaking in the next room. 5. I could hear her typing the message. 6. I found her reading an article on the latest technologies. 7. He watched the students discussing something. 8. I have never heard them speaking English. 9. I consider him having been admitted to the winter exams. 10. The answer depends on the type of the unit concerned.

3. Give synonymous construction with the Infinitive. Pay attention to the peculiarities of the translation.

Model: I saw him entering the lecture hall.

Я видел, как он входил в лекционный зал.

I saw him enter the lecture hall.

Я видел, что он входил в лекционный зал.

1. I heard him delivering a lecture on economics. 2. I heard him speaking in the next room. 3. I found her reading an article on the latest technologies. 4. I have never heard them speaking English. 5. I could hear her typing the message.

4. Point out the Subjective Participial Construction. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. He was heard repeating the words. 2. The students were heard discussing the results of their test. 3. They were seen entering the laboratory. 4. The student was heard having made a good report at the students’ scientific conference. 5. The professor was seen talking with the students of our group. 6. This scientist was heard having made a discovery.

5. Point out the Nominative or the Prepositional Participial Construction. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The work being done, he went home. 2. The article being difficult, I couldn’t translate it without a dictionary. 3. The research group could not go on with the experiments without their plan being approved by the scientific supervisor. 4. The translation having been done, he had a short rest. 5. The problem being very difficult, the students couldn’t solve it. 6. The students being well prepared, the examination in mathematics ended successfully. 7. The professor spoke about a new method, his lecture being illustrated by tables. 8. The lecture on geometry being over, the students went for a break. 9. The student being good at mathematics, the professor advised him to take a post-graduate course. 10. The speed of light being extremely great, we cannot measure it by ordinary methods.

6. Analyze the ing-forms. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. In solving the problem, we deal with the laws of motion. 2. While solving the problem, we have to deal with the laws of motion. 3. The problem being solved includes calculus methods. 4. His solving the problem is very important for him. 5. His having solved the problem was very important for him. 6. The solving of the problem is very useful for all the students. 7. We heard of the problem being solved by the students.8. We heard of the problem having been solved at the last lesson. 9. They insisted on the problem being solved. 10. The students solving the problem are second-year students. 11. The problem having been solved, the students discussed it in detail.12. They enrich their knowledge by solving such problems. 13. In solving the problem, they made some mistakes. 14. They had the pleasure of solving such problems. 15. He left the classroom without solving the problem. 16. Gaps in their knowledge prevented some students from solving the problem. 17. Their not having solved the problem was quite a surprise. 18. He objects to such problems being solved at home. 19. Having solved the problem, the students discussed some points of the theory. 20. They succeeded in solving the problem quite easily. 21. We knew of the problem having been solved. 22. Is there any other way of solving such problems? 23. We like solving such problems. 24. The problem being solved and discussed at the lesson was a very useful exercise. 25. Our aim is solving problems in different ways. 26. She stopped solving the problem as her approach was wrong. 27. They are busy now solving the problem.