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64

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65

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67

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/.-1F+58A1G, , +159-, 4@7R-6./, 4/C151+;, 2 /41/21/, C51+,58+4A +D-58+4.G. +D-58+4.+- 9-46/0 B+8/4/B++ 3*/2/D+.4; ;41/- *5C8+9+- ,-ID@ 45,/4/C151+-, + 1/@,-158A1G,, +4.+11G,, +8+ =8@7/6+, ( . 51. [4], . -*75*. [5], . -*=4/1). ./. 3/D:/D +43/8AC/2584; + 2 34+:+5.*++.56, 1-,-F6+0 34+:+5.* .'+8AD-* (1914, F+.. 3/: ,@8-2+9, /*/7A-2, 1973) *5C8+958 .56 15CG- 25-,/- "F-1.*58A1/- " + 8+91/4.A, 3*+ E./, 45,/4/C151+-, 656 + 2 15<-0 *57/.-, /3*-D-8;8/4A 656 B@16F+; "F-1.*58A1/=/ ". /=8541/ . +*<@ (1963; 3/: '.-*17-*=, 1963), 3-*-I+25-.4; 1-- 3/4*-D4.2-11/ 2 34+:+9-46+: 56.5: 656 /4/7G0 /7R-D+1;H?+0 +: 3*+C156, 5 "8+91/4.A" 3/C15-.4; 2 45,/4/C151++, ./ -4.A 1- D515 2 1-3/4*-D4.2-11/, 3-*-I+251++. 8; B*51F@C46/=/ 34+:/515- 8+.+65 + B+8/4/B5 ). 56515 .-*,+1 "9-8/2-9-46+0 4@7R-6." 1- 4+1/1+,+9-1 3/1;.+H "E=/". =/, 3/ ). 5651@, :5*56.-*+C@-.4; B@16F+-0 "8/I1/=/ C151+;", "+88HC/*1/=/ 3/1+,51+;",

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68

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3*+2-D-11/0 2G<- +-*5*:+9-46/0 3/@*/21-2/0 4.*@6.@*- 45,/4/C151+; "3/.-1F+58A1/- " 1- 3*-D4.528-1/ 2 4+8@ ./=/, 9./ /1/ 1- /785D5-. 4@?-4.2/251+-, + 1- ;28;-.4; E6C+4.-1F+58A1G, B56./, 45,/4/C151+;. ,-.5B+C+6- !/,G 62+146/=/ B/*,5, 2 6/./*/0 3*-D4.5-. *-B8-6.+- *@H?-,@ @,@ "3/.-1F+58A1/- ", -=/ 3/85=51+- /7/C159-1/ 656 "7G.+04.2/251+-" - 3/1;.+-, 4/ 48/2 ). 5*+.-15 (1994, 4.24), "D/2/D;?-- D/ ,+=*-1+" .-: +448-D/25.-8-0, 6./ 1- 3/1;8 ,-.5B+- C+9-46/=/ /41/251+; E6C+4.-1F++. 1/=/ 3/CI- B+8/4/B465; 3@78+65 4 7/8A<+, 2/C,@?-1+-, 24.*-.+85 :50D-==-*/246@H .-/*+H / ./,, 9./ 9-8/2-6 - 4@?--, 9A- 4@?-4.2/ - 2 3*+4@.4.2++ (Daisen). "3/.-1F+58A1/, " 656 / 3*+4@.4.2++ 1+9-=/ 1-8AC; 465C5.A C5*51-- 6*/,- ./=/, 9./ /1/ C52-D/,/ -4.A. E./, -4.A 4/4*-D/./9-1/ 7G.+01/-, -48+ ,/I1/ .56 2G*5C+.A4;, 1-9-8/2-- 9-46/- 659-4.2/ "3/.-1F+58A1/=/ " 2 9-8/2-6-, 659-4.2/, 478+I5H?-- 9-8/2-65 4/ 24-, 4@?+,.

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.+11/-", "F-1.*58A1/-", "1/@,-158A1/-", "3/D8+11/-") +,-11/ 48/2/, "3/.-1F+58A1/-" 3/D9-*6+- 25-.4; +1.-*-4@H?+0 154 543-6. +1D+2+D@58A1/4.+ - 3/.-1F+58A15; D+15,+65 8+91/4.+ - "*5C2-*.G251+- 4@7R-6.+21/4.+", 2/C,/I1/4.A /7R-6.+25F++ 46*G.G: 543-6./2, 2 6/1-91/, 49-.- - /4@?-4.28-1+- +,3-*5.+25 "7G.A 4/7/0", /.8+91/=/ /. 1-3/D8+11/4.+ ,1/=//7*5C1G: +3/4.54-0.

5C8+95; "3/.-1F+58A1/- " + "8+91/4.A", ,G +,--, 2/C,/I1/4.A *544,5.*+25.A +1D+2+D@58A- 1/4.A 2 4+1:*/1+9-46/, + D+5:*/1+9-46/, 543-6.5:. G ,/I-, /7*5?5.A4; 6 +1D+2+D@ 656 6 98-1@ /3*-D-8-11/0 +4./*+9-46/0 4/F+58A1/0 =*@33G (CD-4A @3/.*-7+,/ 3/1;.+- "8+91/4.A") +, /D1/- 2*-,-11/, 656 6 3*-D4.52+.-8H 24-=/ 9-8/2-9-46/=/ */D5 (51.*/3/8/=+9-46/,@ 4@7R-6.@, +8+ "3/-

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65C511/- CD-4A / "3/.-1F+58A1/, " 4 D/7528-1+-, ,/,-1.5 21@.*-11-0 D-.-*,+1+*/2511/4.+ 4@7R-6.5 ;28;-.4;, 15 15< 2C=8;D, 15+7/8-- 3*/4.G, + 15+,-1-- 3*/.+2/*-9+2G, 43/4/7/, /7R- ;41-1+; .56+: B-1/,-1/2, 656 43/1.511/4.A, 56.+21/4.A, D@:/21GC5D5.6+ + .2/*9-46+0 3/.-1F+- 58 8+91/4.+, 5 .56I- =@,51+4.+9-46/0 3*-D3/4G86/0 D8; 5158+C5 +C,-1-11G: 4/4./;1+0 4/C15- 1+;, 4/3*/2/ID5-,G: 34+:/8/=+9-46+,+ 6*+C+45,+ + 34+:/35./8/=+9-46+,+ 3*/78-,5,+.

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.+21/4.+ -4/C151+;. / /D1@ 4./*/1@ /. 1-=/ 2/C*54.5H. @*/21+ +1D+2+D@58A1/=/ 4/C151+; + 45- ,/4/C151+;, 5 C5 -=/ 3*-D-85,+ /.6*G25-.4; .*5143-*4/158A15; (6/88-6.+215;) /7854.A +1D+2+-

69

D@58A1/=/ 45,/4/C151+;, /715*@I+25-.4; .*514F-1D-1.15; 4B-*5 4@7R-6.+21/0 *-58A1/4.+. 5- 6+, /7*5C/,, C56*-38;-.4; E6C+4.-1F+58+4.465; 3/C+F+;, 4/=8541/ 6/./*/0 9-8/2-6 - "E./ 4@?-4.- 2/ /D1/2*-,-11/ -4.-4.2-11/- + 42-*:R-4.-4.2-11/-" ( 5*+.-1, 1994, 4.58).

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

*+ E./, /D1+ 34+:/35./8/=+9-46+- B-1/,-1G 2G2/D;.4; +C D*@=+:. " 34+:/35./8/=++, - 3+458 .43-*4 (1934), - =-1-.+9-46/- 3/1+,51+- 7G4.*/ 15.586+25-.4; 15 =*51+FG: D@<-21/- 1-3/1;.1G, /7*5C/, 2/C1+65-. 656 1-9./ 4/2-*<-11/ 1/2/-, D@<-21/- 1-3/1;.1/ 48-D@-. C5 D@<-21G,, 1- 2G.-65; +C 1-=/".

*51+F5, /7/C159-115; "3/.-1F+58A1G, ", 4.51/2+.4; 42/-/7*5C1G, C53*-./, D8; 3/+465 /7?-- 9-8/2-9-46/=/ 4,G485 3-*-I+251+0. 8-D4.2+-, ;28;-.4; ./, 9./. "4 /D1/0 4./*/1G, 34+:+5.*G @7-ID-1G 2 C52+4+,/4.+ 34+:/35./8/=+9-46+: /7*5C/251+0 /. 8+91/4.+ 7/8A1/=/, 5 4 D*@=/0 - 3*+ /F-16- 4.*@6.@*G + D+15,+6+ 34+:/C5 3*56.+9-46+ 1- @9+.G25-.4; 21@.*-11+0 ,+* 7/8A1/0 8+91/- 4.+ + ,-:51+C,G -- 4.51/28-1+;" ( 529-16/, 1991, 4.117).

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