Дрёмов С.В., Сёмин И.Р. - Измененные состояния сознания

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E.1/=*5B+9-46/0 8+.-*5.@*- 954./ +43/8AC@-.4; /3*-D-8-1+- <5,51+C,5, D511/- '*-D-*/, (1953, F+.. 3/: -2@1-16/25, 1979, 4.254): "'5,51+C, - E./ @4.51/28-115; /7?-4.2/, + 2G*5I-1- 15; 2 /3*-D-8-11/0 B/*,- E64.5.+9-465; 42;CA 8HD-0 4 3/.@4./*/11+, ,+*/,, 48@I5?5; +1.-*-- 45, 24-=/ /7?-4.25". 56+, /7*5C/,, +,-11/ 2 <5,51+C,- ,/I1/ 150.+ +88H4.*5F++ 6 +1.-*-- 4@H?+, 154 3*/78-,5, 6/88-6.+21/-+1D+2+D@58A1/=/ 2C5+,/D-04.2+; + 4/F+58A1G: D-.-*,+15- F+0 . 48+ 2 3*-D<-4.2@H?+: <5,51+C,@ 6@8A.@*5: 9-8/2-6 7G8 /./ID-4.28-1 4 4/F+@,/, + 2,-4.- 4 1+, 7G8 3*/.+2/3/4.528-1 /6*@I5H?-0 *+*/D-, ./ 2 <5,51+C,- ,G 2+D+, D2/01/- 3*/.+2/3/4.528-1+- <5,515: 4/F+@,@ + *+*/D-. 41/21G, /.8+9+.-8A1G, 3*+C156/, 34+:/8/- =++ E./=/ 6@8A./2/=/ D-;.-8; ;28;-.4; 2/C*54.5H?-- /4/C151+- 42/-0 +1D+2+D@58A1/4.+ + 3*/.+- 2/3/4.528-1+- 4-7; D*@=+, 98-15, */D5 + /6*@I5H?-,@ 3*+*/D1/,@ ,+*@.

" 2/+, C151+-, + +46@44.2/,, - 3+<-. .&1= (19937, 4.168-169) / <5,51-, - /1 D/8I-1 /7R;41;.A 24- 1-48G:511/- + -,@ 3*/.+2/4./;.A". 5*;D@ 4 1-,1/=+,+ 2 -=/ 4/F+58A1/, /6*@I-1++ <5,51 =/2/*+. / 4-7- 2 3-*2/, 8+F- + 3/8AC@-.4; ,-4./+,-1+-, . 5 3/92- E./=/ D2/01/=/ 3*/.+2/3/4-

.528-1+;, 2 6/./*/, 3*/.+2/3/4.528-1+- *+*/D- ;28;-.4; @I- 21@.*-11+, D8; <5,515 (/1/ 3*+15D8-I+. 3*-D<-4.2/252<+, <5,51+C,@ 6/88-6.+21G, 3*-D4.528-1+;,), B/*,+*@-.4; 48/I- 15; 2C5+,/@D/28-.2/*;H?5; 4+4.-,5 +1D+2+D@58A1/-6/88-6.+21/=/ 2C5+,/D-04.2+;. 9-, C568H95H.4; + 656 *5C2+25H.4; 2C5+,/D/3/81;H?+- 6/,,@1+65F++ +1D+2+D@58A1/4.+ + 6/88-6.+25, ,/I1/ 3*-D4.52+.A 2 42;C+ 4 *544,/.*-1+-, +1D+2+D@58A1G: + 6/88-6.+21G: E6C+4.-1F+58A1G: 3/.*-71/4.-0, /7@48/2+2<+: 3/;28-1+- 4/F+58A1/0 */8+ <5,515. 4//.2-.4.2++ 4 /7?-0 .-/*+- -0 5D53.5F++, 5D53.+215; @4./09+2/4.A I+2/0 4+4.-,G (E.1+9-46/0 =*@33G, 2 15<-, 48@95-) C5- 2+4+. /. 3/8+,/*B1/4.+ -- 4/4.528;H?+:. *+ E./, +,-11/ 34+:+9-46+- 25*+5F++ +=*5H. 2 5D53.+21/0 15D-I1/4.+ 6/88-6.+25 2-D@?@H */8A. *@33/25; 3/.*-71/4.A 2 E6C+4.-1F+58A1/0 C5?+?-11/4.+ 4/=854@-.4; 2 3-*2@H /9-*-DA 4 4/:*51-1+-, .*5D+F+/11/=/ @685D5, 48/I+2<-=/4;

117

656 15+7/8-- @D/28-.2/*+.-8A1G0 43/4/7 3/DD-*I51+; 4.57+8A1/4.+. 8; =+8;6/2, 3+458. .'.-*17-*= (1933, 4.107), "42;CA ,-ID@ I+2@?+,+ 3/6/8-1+;,+ 4/*/D+9-0 4 +: 7/I-4.2-11G,+ 4/*/D+95,+ - 785=/D-.-8;,+ =8@7/6/ I+25;, *-58A15;... @CG E.+ 6/*-1;.4;... 2 45,/, +14.+16.- 45,/4/:*51-1+;".

!@16F+; 3/4*-D1+9-4.25 /4@?-4.28;-.4; +C7*511G,+ 8HDA,+ -<5,515,+. C7*511+9-4.2/ 656 6@8A.@*1/-34+:/8/=+9-46/- ;28-1+- /C1595-. 1- ./8A6/ F-8-153*528-11G0 2G7/* /3*-D-8-11/=/ 8+F5 6/88-6.+2/,, 1/ + /4/7@H 34+:+9-46@H /*=51+C5F+H 7@D@?-=/ +C7*511+65. 8; ./=/, 6./ 7G8 +C7*51 D@:5,+, /.65C 4.5.A <5,51/, 28-9-., 3/ .*5D+F+/11G, 3*-D4.528-1+;,, D8+.-8A1@H 7/- 8-C1A 8+7/ 4,-*.A (Loeb, 1935, F+.. 3/: -2@1-16/25, 1980, 4.152; '+75-25, 1977, 4.139).

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

.*@D1/4.+ 1/2/=/ /7*-.-1+; E6C+4.-1F+58A1/0 C5?+?-11/4.+ 42+D-.-8A4.2@-. C5,-951+- /D1/=/ +C +C2-4.1G: +448-D/25.-8-0 4+7+*46/=/ <5,51+C,5: " D-85.A4; <5,51/, 1-8AC;. 5851. <5,5- 15 1- D5*, 5 7*-,;" ('.-*17-*=, 1933, 4.77).

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

118

( /*.1/25, '5:1/2+9, 1967), / 3/4.3*/F-44@58A1/0 34+:/35.++ 6@8A./2G: D-;.-8-0 (Schuttler, 1971), +1.-*3*-.5F+H <5,5146/=/ 3/2-D-1+; 2 42;C+ 4 /3*-D-8-11G,+ B/*,5,+ <+C/B*-1++ (Silverman, 1967). '5,5146+0 3*+CG2 6 48@I-1+H, /285D-1+- D@:5,+ CD-4A, 3/ ,1-1+H 1-2*/8/=5, 2G*5I5-. 4/7/0 "+4.-*+9-46+0 1-2*/C" ( 52+D-16/2, 1947), 5 2 4//.2-.4.2++ 4 34+:+5.*+9-46+,

./86/251+-, - 52./,5.+C,G, 34+:/.+9-46+0 *-=+4.* 35./8/=++. 7*;D/2/- @-D+1-1+- 3/42;?5-- ,/=/ 1-/B+.5, 21-<1+- 5.*+7@.G D-04.2@H?-=/ <5,515, 2 954.1/4.+, =/8/21/0 @7/* 4 8-1./965,+ (75:*/,/0), C56*G25H?+,+ 8+F/, 2 68+1+9-46/, 6/1.-64.- ,/=@. 7G.A *54F-1-1G 656 3*+C156 5@-

.+C5F++. D-1.+B+65F++ <5,515 4 D@:5,+ 3*-D6/2, ./.-,1G, I+2/.1G, 2GCG25H. 544/F+5F++ 4 D-3-*4/158+C5F+-0, 5 /7,/*/6+ 1-/B+.5 + 3/48-D@H?-- E64.5.+9-46/- 3@.-<-4.2+- <5,515 - 4 /1-0*/+D1/0 4+,3./,5.+6/0.

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

.5,-34+:/.+65,, + ./, 9./ 1- @685DG25-.4; 2 68+1+9-46+- 6/14.*@6.G, /3*-D-8;-.4; 656 +C7G./9- 1/- D8; 34+:+5.*5. E./, 25*+51.- "68+1+9-46/- ,G<8-1+-" 3*-D4.528;-. 4/7/0 48@950 ".@1- 1-8A1/=/ ,G<8-1+;", 6/./*/- +=1/*+*@-. 7/8A</- 6/8+9-4.2/ +1B/*,5F++" ( +1-2+9, /I6/2, 1995).

9-1G0, /3+4G25; 6@8A.@*@, :*/1/8/=+9-46+ + E.1+9-46+ /.D58-11@H /. 1-=/, /7G91/ "3*+,-1;-. 6 1-0 ,-*6+, +D-+, 3*-D4.528-1+;, 3/*/ID-11G- 4/2-*<-11/ D*@=/0 E3/:/0 + D*@=/0 6@8A.@*1/0

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

119

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./8A6/ 3@.-, @42/-1+; 3*+1;.G: 6/88-6.+21G: 3*-D4.528-1+0, 1/ + 9-*-C *5D+658A1/- *5C/./I- D-4.28-1+- 4 3*+2G91G,+ 45,/+D-1.+B+65F+;,+ + 3/+46 1/2G:, /785D5H?+: 4/F+58A1/0 C159+- ,/4.AH. 56 /.,-95-. . +87-* (1998, 4.143), *544@ID-1+; / *5C/./ID-4.28-1++ + / "*54<+*-1++" 45,/./ID-4.2-11/4.+ -4.A D25 43/4/75 =/2/*+.A /7 /D1/, + ./, I-.

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

./*++ *511+: 43/4/7/2 D/4.+I-1+; E6C+4.-1F+58A1/0 C5?+?-11/4.+. 7-C D/8I1/0 4/F+58A1/0 3/DD-*I6+, 4@?-4.2/252<-0 2 <5,51+4.+9-46/, /7?-4.2-, E6C+4.-1F+58A15; 5D53.5F+; <5,515 + /7*-.-1+- 1/2G: 45,/+D-1.+B+F+*@H?+: /41/251+0 7G8+ 7G 1-2/C,/I1G.

<5,51+4.+9-46+: 3*-D4.528-1+;: 15*;D@ 4 3*+1;.+-, <5,5146/0 7/8-C1+ 1-/B+.5 C56*-3+854A 3/C+F+;, 4/=8541/ 6/./*/0 <5,51 1- ./8A6/ ,5*=+158, 1/ + 9*-C2G9501/ C159+,G0, "F-1.*58A1G0" 98-1 6/88-6.+25 (Sharfetter, 1985). ./ 15<8/ 2G*5I-1+- 2 7+15*1G: :5*56.-*+4.+65:, 6/./*G- <5,51 3/8@95-. 2 .*5D+F+/11/, /6*@I-1++. 1 /D1/2*-,-11/ I-*.25 + =-*/0, +C=/0 + 8+D-* + ..D.

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ppits, 1993; 5,/:258/2, 1994), @,-8/ +43/8AC@H?+- +C,-- 1-11G- 4/4./;1+; 4/C151+; (Jilek, 1982; Scharfetter, 1985), D*5,5.+9-46+- 56.-*G, /785D5H?+- :/*/<+,+ 2/658A1/-/*5./*46+,+ D511G,+ ( -2@1-16/25, 1992), ,54.-*5 48/25 + 351./,+,G (Kirby, 1977), :*51+.-8+ 15@91G: .*5D+F+0 (&1=, 19936, *@6/2/D+.-8+ 3/42;?-1+-, H1/<-0 2 .5- +14.25 6@8A.@*G ( 5*51:/, 1995). '5,515, 7G8/ 3*+4@?- CD/*/2/- 9@24.2/ H,/*5, ;28;H?--4; 2G*5I-1+-, =-.-*/=-11/4.+ ,G<8-1+; @,-1+- 42;C5.A 1-;21/- + /7GD-11/- (Kuranchik, 1977).

+D-*4.2/ <5,515 3*/;28;8/4A 1- ./8A6/ 2 456*58A1/0, 1/ + 2 42-.46/0 I+C1+ */D5. '5,51G :/- */</ *5C7+*58+4A 2 I+C1-11G: ;28-1+;:, +,-8+ 3*56.+9-46+0 /3G. + 3*+9+48;8+4A 6 15+7/8-- ,G48;?+, 8HD;, 2 6*@=@ 4/38-,-11+6/2 ( +:508/2, 1987, 4.143). " */,- -,-1/25, - 3+458+ 2 20- - ==. *57/.1+6+ 5*.-8+ " -=+D58-F" / 42/-, <5,51-, - 4*-D+ 154 1-6/=/ 6/,51D+*/25.A 2 3*52+-

.-8A4.2-11G- /*=51G D8; 2G;41-1+; 1@IDG 15<-0" (F+.. 3/: @=/8@6/2, 1969, 4.173). 5*5D/6- 458A1/- 4 ./96+ C*-1+; 68+1+9-46+: 4.51D5*./2 +C,-1-1+- 2 34+:+9-46/0 /*=51+C5F++ <5,515, 154.@35H?-- 248-D C5 /7*-.-1+-, 456*58A1/=/ 4.5.@45, 7G8/ /3*-D-8-1/ . 8+5D656 "7-=4.2/ +C 7/8-C1+". *+/7*-.-1+- <5,5146+: 43/4/71/4.-0 3*-D3/85=5-. *5C*-<-1+- 34+:+9-46/=/ 6*+-

120