Дрёмов С.В., Сёмин И.Р. - Измененные состояния сознания
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5,/4./;.-8A1G0 +1.-*-4 3*-D4.528;-. E2/8HF+; 2C=8;D/2 15 @9-1+- / -D+1/, 34+:/C-. /C1+6- 1@2 2 E3/:@ B+8/4/B46+ /*+-1.+*/2511/0 34+:+5.*++ 656 3*-D4.528-1+- / -D+1/, "3/,-<5.-8A- 4.2-" ( . A;*@DI+), /1/ /B/*,+8/4A 2 3*-D4.528-1+- / 4.5D+;: (E.535:) -D+1/=/ 34+:+9-46/=/ *544.*/04.25 + 1-/D1/6*5.1/ 2/C*/ID58/4A 2 42/+: 3*525: 2 1/C/8/=+9-46@H E*@ 34+:+5.*++. /- =8541/ . .'.-*17-*=@ (1973), @9-1+- / -D+1/, 34+:/C- 4/:*51;8/4A @ . 58A75@,5, 4.52<-=/ 2 3/48-D@H?-, 52./*/, 68544+9-46/0 B/*,@8+*/26+ 1/C/8/=+9-46/=/ 3*+1F+35. /1F-3F+;. /1:€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24
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25
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26
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
.+21G,) 3@.-,". 56+, /7*5C/,, C5 3*-D-85,+ .-,G /4.5H.4; =*@33G <+C/B*-1++ 4 /*=51+- 9-46+, 42/-/7*5C+-,, 3*-D4.528;H?+- "51/,58+H *5C2+.+;".
.1/4+.-8A1/ /.D-8A1G: B/*, <+C/B*-1++ 1-/7:/D+,/ @9-4.A, 9./ *5CD-8-1+;, 2GD525-,G- C5 =*51+FG 7/8-C1-0, ;28;H.4; =*51+F5,+ 34+:+9-46+: 4/4./;1+0 [4]. 48+ 3*+1;.A, 9./ D511G- 4/- 4./;1+; /3*-D-8;H.4; 6/14.51.1/4.AH 4/C151+; ( 85./1/2, 1972), ./ 23/81- @,-4.1/ @3/.*-78-- 1+- .-*,+15 "D+46*-.1/- +C,-1-11/- 4/4./;1+- 4/C151+;" 2,-4./ 3/1;.+; "B/*,5 <+C/B*-1++" (3/48-D1;;, 656 +C2-4.1/, /3*-D-8;-.4; 3/ 2-D@?-,@ 4+1D*/,@). C@9-1+- 34+:/35./8/=+9-46+:
*-56F+0, +8+ +C,-1-1+0 4/C151+;, +: /B/*,8-1+- 2 B-1/,-1/8/=+9-46/, 4.5.@4- + 4/D-*I5.-8A- 15; +1.-*3*-.5F+; 2 659-4.2- ;28;H.4;, 3/I58@0, 15+7/8-- 5D-625.1G, 4/2*-,-11/,@ @*/21H C151+0 43/4/7/, 3*-/D/8-1+; "@7+04.2-11/=/ D8; 34+:+5.*++" D@58+C,5 ( @, 1975). 511G0 43/4/7 3/C2/8;-. /42/7/D+.A4; /. 35*5D+=,5.+9-46/0 D-.-*,+1+*/2511/4.+, /4.51/2+.A 1-- 3*/D@6.+21G- D+46@44++ / 3-*2/4.-3-11/0 25I1/4.+ ./=/ +8+ +1/=/ 3*+9+11/ D-04.2@H?-=/ B56-
./*5 + /7*5.+.A 21+,51+- 15 4.*@6.@*1/-B@16F+/158A1G- + E6C+4.-1F+58A1G- 543-6.G .
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.+ C568H95-.4; 2 +C,-1-1+;: F-8/4.1/=/ "7G.+;-2-,+*-".
[2]48+ =/2/*+.A / 35*5D+=,58A1/0 C5D511/4.+ =@,511/=/ /.1/<-1+;, ./ 1-/7:/D+,/ +,-.A 2 2+- D@, 9./ 45,/ 3/1;.+- =@,51+C,5, 4/=8541/ ). 5*+.-1@ (1994, 4.53). ;28;-.4; ",1/=/4,G48-11G," + "C52+4+. /../=/, 656/0 6/1F-3F++ 9-8/2-65 ,G 3*+D-*I+25-,4;". 3/48-D@H?-, *544,/.*-1++ ,G 3/D*/71/ /4.51/2+,4; 15 3/C+F++ 51.*/3/8/=+9-46/0 B+8/4/B++, 2 4/=854++ 4 6/./*/0 4.*/- +.4; 15<- 3/1+,51+-, 4@7R-6.+21/4.+ + 3*/78-, .
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*+2-D-11G- 1+I- 4@ID-1+; 3/65CG25H., 9./ 2 /3*-D-8-1++ =8521/=/ 2 4/C151++ /.4@.4.2@H. 65- 6+--8+7/ C159+.-8A1G- *5C1/=854+; 1- ./8A6/ ,-ID@ 34+:+5.*5,+ *5C1G: 15F+/158A1G: <6/8, 1/ + ,-ID@ 34+:+5.*5,+ + B+C+/8/=5,+, 34+:+5.*5,+ + 34+:/8/=5,+, 34+:+5.*5,+ + B+8/4/B5,+.
-0*/B+C+/8/=+ .*56.@H. 4/C151+- 656 /4/7/- 659-4.2/ B@16F+/1+*/251+; 1-*21/0 4+4.-,G, 3/- C2/8;H?-- 2/43*+1+,5.A D511G- /6*@I5H?-=/ ,+*5, 15<-=/ .-85 4 /D1/2*-,-11G, C151+-, 2G- CG25-,G: *-56F+0, 656 /4/7/- 4/4./;1+- 1-*21/0 56.+21/4.+, 3/C2/8;H?-- 3/C1525.A 34+:+9--
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1+- C568H95-.4; 2 ./,, 9./ ,G 2//7?- 15:/D+,, ..-. @C15-, 2 4-7- 34+:+9-46+- 4/4./;1+;.. . +8;*/246+0 (1938) 3/1+,58 4/C151+- 656 "3/C1525.-8A1G0 4+1.-C", "/3*-D-8-11G0 F-8/4.1G0 3*/F-44 3/C151+;". . .'/*/:/25 (1966) 15CG2585 4/C151+- "43/4/71/4.AH 9-8/2-65 3/1+,5.A /6- *@I5H?+0 ,+*, 3*/F-44G, 3*/+4:/D;?+- 2 1-,, 42/+ ,G48+ + D-04.2+;". . . -=*57;1 (1967) 3+- <-., 9./ ";D*/, 9-8/2-9-46/=/ 4/C151+; ;28;-.4; -=/ 3/C1525.-8A15; +1B/*,5F+;". . 5*@6 (Baruk, 1959) /3*-D-8;-. 4/C151+- 656 "C151+- 34+:+9-46/0 56.+21/4.+ / 4-7- 45,/0" (F+.. 3/: 5- 35D/3@8/4, 1969). . . 53851 + . I. ED/6 (Kaplan, Sadok, 1982) /./ID-4.28;H. 4/C151+- 4/ 42/04.2/, 7G.A 7/D*4.2@H?+, + +,-.A C151+-. 56+, /7*5C/,, 2/ 24-: E.+: 48@95;: /./ID-4.2- 8;-.4; 4/C151+- 2 -=/ B@16F+/158A1/, 543-6.- 4 3/C151+-,.
28
4+8@ ./=/, 9./ 3/C1525.-8A15; B@16F+; 4/C151+; 43/4/74.2@-. 2/43*+;.+H /6*@I5H?-=/ ,+*5 656 *-58A1/4.+, 3/C2/8;-. +1D+2+D@ /4@?-4.28;.A +1.-=*+*/2511G- D-04.2+;, 48/I1G- 3/2-D-1- 9-46+- *-56F++, 6//*D+1+*/25.A 42/+ 3/4.@36+ 4 .*-7/251+;,+ /6*@I-1+; + /7-43-9+25.A 42;CA 4@7R-6.5 4 /6*@I5H?+, ,+*/,, ,G ,/I-, =/2/*+.A .56I- /7 /*+-1.+*@H?-0 B@16F++ 4/C151+;./C1525.-8A15; + /*+-1.+*@H?5; B@16F++ 4/235D5H. D/ ./ID-4.2-11/4.+, -48+ /*+-1.+*/251- 1/4.A 3/1+,5.A 1- 2 @C6/, 68+1+9-46/, 4,G48- (/*+-1.+*/251 2 ,-4.-, 2*-,-1+ + 4/74.2-11/0 8+91/4.+), 5 656 *-C@8A.5. /4/C1511/=/ 7+/8/=+9-46/=/ + 4/F+58A1/=/ 4@?-4.2/251+; 2 ,+*-. G =/2/*+, / 4/74.2-11/ 9-8/2-9-46/, 43/4/7- /*+-1.5F++, 3/4.*/-11/, 15 /41/2- 3/1;.+0 + 8/=+- 9-46+: 42;C-0, 6/./*G- 8-I5. 2 /41/2- ;CG65 (,G<8-1+;) + 3/C2/8;H. 3*+D525.A ;28-1+;, :5*56-
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
5D595 2G;28-1+; C56/1/,-*1/4.-0 +C,-1-1+; 4/C151+; 3*+2/D+. 154 6 2/3*/4@ / -=/ 4.*@6.@*1/0 /*=51+C5F++, C5D511/0 D+46*-.1G, 543-6./, 4/C151+;. !56.+9-46+ E./ F-1.*58A1G0 2/3*/4 4.*@6-
.@*1/=/ 3/D:/D5 2 34+:+5.*++, 4/D-*I5?-=/ 3*-D4.528-1+; / =8@7+1- D-C+1.-=*5F++ (D+44/8H- F++) 34+:+9-46/0 D-;.-8A1/4.+, / *-=+4.*5: 34+:/35./8/=++, / 2/C,/I1/4.+ 3/4.*/-1+; +-*5*:++ @4./09+2G: 34+:/35./8/=+9-46+: /7*5C/251+0 (4+,3./,j- + 4+1D*/,/6/,38-64/2), 2G;28;H?+:4; 3/ ,-*- @.;I-8-1+; 34+:/35./8/=+9-46/=/ 3*/F-445. *@=+,+ 48/25,+, D+46*-.1G0 543-6. +C,-- 1-1+; 4/C151+;, 2/3*/4G / 4.*@6.@*1/0 /*=51+C5F++ 4/C151+; + 4.*@6.@*- 34+:+9-46/0 D-;.-8A1/- 4.+ .-,5.+9-46+ 78+C6/ 42;C51G.
544,5.*+25; 3*/78-,@ 4.*@6.@*1/0 (3/@*/21-2/0) /*=51+C5F++ 4/C151+;, ,G D/8I1G /.,-.+.A, 9./ E.5 .-,5 3/D1+,5854A -?- 2 45,G: *511+: *57/.5: 3/ 34+:+5.*++. 15 3-*-68+65-.4; 4 7+/- 8/=+9-46+,+ 2/CC*-1+;,+ / "4.@3-1;: F-*-7*5F++" X.'H8- (Schule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
. . -*F7-*= (1961, 4.46-48), . . @7*/246+0 (1971, 4.220), . . -=*57;1 (1972, 4.134-140; 1978, 4.36, 87).
29
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