- •Hormones
- •Growth factors
- •Cytokines
- •Vasoactive agents
- •Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
- •First messengers with intracellular receptors
- •Common aspects
- •Intracellular messengers
- •Binding of ligands to receptors
- •Binding heterogeneity
- •Measurement of binding affinity
- •KD and EC50: receptor binding and functional consequences
- •Spare receptors
- •Down-regulation of receptors
- •Discovery of the first second messenger, cAMP
- •References
First messengers
References
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