Контрольное задание № 1 V. A

Прочитайте текст и выполните упражнения, следующие за ним

ELECTRICITY

Electricity is a set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electrical charge. Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity. Ancient cultures around Mediterranean knew that certain objects such as rods of amber could be rubbed with cat’s fur to attract light objects like feathers. Electricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity and magnetism. Further work was conducted by many famous physicists in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In the 19^th and since the beginning of the 20^th century the successful development of electricity has begun throughout the industrial world.

Now it is impossible to imagine our civilization without electricity: economic and social progress will be turned to the past and our daily lives completely transformed. Electrical power has become universal. Thousands of applications of electricity such as lighting, electrochemistry and electrometallurgy are longstanding and unquestionable. With the appearance of the electrical motor, power cables replaced transmission shafts, gear wheels, belts and pulleys in the 19^th century workshops. And in the home a whole range of various time and labor saving appliances have become part of our everyday lives. Other devices are based on specific properties of electricity: electrostatics in the case of photocopying machine and electromagnetism in the case of radar and television. These applications have made electricity most widely used.

The first industrial application was in the silver workshops in Paris. The generator – a new compact source of electricity – was also developed there. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had been used before. Electric lighting came into wide use at the end of the last century with the development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison. Then the transformer was invented, the first electric lines and networks were set up, dynamos and induction motors were designed. Since the beginning of the 20^th century the successful development of electricity has begun throughout the industrial world. The consumption of electricity has doubled every ten years.

Today consumption of electricity per capita is an indicator of the state of development and economic health of a nation. Electricity has replaced other sources of energy as it has been realized that it offers improved service and reduced cost. One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean, easily-regulated and generates no by-products. Applications of electricity now cover all fields of human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams. Truly electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.

Задание 1. Дайте русские эквиваленты следующим интернациональным словам:

Electron – electric lamp – electrostatics, electrical, electrical motor, electricity; physics – physicist – physical phenomena; to associate – association; culture – cultural; to attract – attraction; magnet – magnetic – magnetism; industry – industrial ; image – to imagine; civil – civilization; economy – economic – economics; social – society; progress – progressive; to transform – transformer – transformation; to transmit – transmission lines; chemical – chemistry – electrochemistry; to generate – generator – generation; to induce – induction motors; to design – designer; to indicate – indicator; to serve – service; to produce – products – by-products; radar (radio detection and ranging); laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation); television; to act – active – activity – action; technology – technological advances; to transfer – transfer; optical fiber; satellite communication; communication systems; to process – process – processing

Задание 2. Соотнесите английские и русские эквиваленты:

1. a set of phenomena	a. электроприборы, экономящие время и труд -
2. a flow of electrical charge	b. долгосрочное использование
3. to attract objects	с. заменять другие источники энергии
4. throughout the industrial world	d. компактный источник энергии
5. social and economic progress	e. создавать сети
6. to turn to the past	f. улучшать обслуживание
7. longstanding application	g. технологические достижения
8. time and labor-saving appliances	h. уменьшать затраты
9. to replace other sources of energy	i. существенные преимущества
10. a compact source of electricity	j. передавать энергию
11. to develop a generator	k. во всем индустриальном мире
12. to invent the electric lamp	l. обеспечивать человечество энергией
13. to set up networks	m. ряд явлений
14. to consume – energy consumption per capita	n. поток электрических зарядов
15. to improve service	o. притягивать объекты
16. to reduce the cost	p. разработать генератор
17. technological advances	q. изобрести электрическую лампочку
18. essential advantages	r. социальные и экономические достижения
19. to provide mankind with energy	s. обращаться к прошлому
20. to transfer energy	t. потреблять – потребление энергии на душу населения

Задание 3. Напишите исходную форму, по которой нужно искать слово в словаре

Lives, saving, properties, batteries, begun, doubled, improved

Задание 4. Образуйте с помощью

а) префикса un- прилагательные с отрицательным значением и дайте их перевод на русский язык

1) important; 2) known; 3) usual; 4) equal; 5) used; 6) equal; 7) limited; 8) expected;

2. с помощью префикса in-

adequate, capable, complete, direct, experienced.

Задание 5. Переведите 1, 2 и 3 абзацы текста

Задание 6. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту

1. What is electricity according to the text?

2. How long have electrical phenomena been known to mankind?

3. When did William Gilbert first begin to make a careful study of electricity and magnetism?

4. When did electrical power become universal?

5. What industries did electricity transform?

6. How is electricity used in our everyday life?

7. Could we watch TV without electricity?

8. When was the first generator developed?

9. Why is the generator better that the batteries and other devices?

10. What is Thomas Edison known for?

11. What were other achievements in electricity in the following years?

12. What are advantages of electricity?

13. Why do we say that electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future?

Задание 7. Составьте предложения согласно английскому порядку слов

1. imagine, life, our, we, now, without, electricity, can not

2. electrical, since, ancient, phenomena, times, been, studied, have

3. yesterday, we, the , topic , started , of , electricity

Задание 8. Образуйте степени сравнения следующих прилагательных: active, necessary, high, available, variable, careful, many, short, long, good, bad, little.

Задание 9. Переведите с английского на русский язык, учитывая времена глагола в английском языке

1. Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity.

2. Mediterranean knew that certain objects could be rubbed with cat’s fur to attract light objects like feathers.

3. The English scientist William Gilbert made a careful study of electricity and magnetism.

4. The first industrial application of electricity was in the silver workshops in Paris.

5. The generator replaced the batteries and other devices that had been used before.

6. Applications of electricity now cover all fields of human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices.

7. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams.

8. Electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.

9. The use of electricity gives a very convenient way to transfer energy and because of it has been adapted to a huge and growing number of uses.

10. Mankind is using and will be using electricity as a main source of energy in the near future.

11. Electricity will have provided mankind with the energy by the time when other sources of energy are discovered.

12. We shall use the term dielectrics to refer to a much wider class of materials than those used technically for this purpose.

13. Scientists define a dielectric as “Any substance that transmits electrical forces or effects by induction rather than by conduction.

14. There will undoubtedly be some unusual applications for this phenomenon in the future.

15. It is clear that titanium-nickel-based alloys will be useful in many areas.