Metodichka_-_Anglysky_yazyk

5.Some of these particles (not compose) … any other particles and are therefore called “elementary particles.”

6.In chemistry, the pH scale (base) … the negative logarithm of the concentration of free hydrogen ions.

7.Some extreme sports events (include) … the Olympic Games in the recent years.

Exam practice

Text 2

Ex. 22 Read the text and choose the best sentence from those below to fill each gap. You don't have to use one of them.

A Because they need to run for long periods of time without interruption, they must be durable, reliable, and have uninterruptible power supplies.

B They also study the properties of networks and servers, which facilitates advances in both mathematics and computers.

C Furthermore, ordinary server operations including turning the power off or on can often be conducted remotely; for example, from a home computer.

D In other cases, software servers operate on multipurpose systems. E When used in reference to hardware, a server is any computer running a server programme, which can – and in practice does – include all configurations and operating systems.

F Likewise, several tasks can be done in parallel.

Servers

ARPANET, the first network of time-sharing computers, was connected in 1969. In subsequent decades, technology developments and the increasing benefits of distributed, shared access spurred network growth, ultimately resulting in the Internet and the World Wide Web. Most local, national, and global networks rely on servers,

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which manage network resources for client computers that are connected to it. A server may be a physical computer, a programme, or a combination of hardware and software. In some cases, a system is a dedicated server. [ 1 ] A distributed server is a scalable grouping in which several computers act as one entity and share the work. In general, a network server manages the overall network traffic, while specialty servers handle other tasks. CERN httpd, which debuted in 1990, is considered to be the first Web server. It was developed at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN). Servers and clients use communication protocols to exchange information to carry out tasks. There are server-to-server and server-to-client variations. Mathematicians, computer scientists, and others work to create technology and algorithms that make servers possible and increase their efficiency. [ 2 ] For example, in a system with multiple parallel servers, jobs may be assigned to any server. Often, jobs are modelled with an exponentially distributed processing time or some other probabilistic distribution with some resource cost per unit of time. Mathematical methods may be used to find the optimal strategy for allocating jobs to servers to minimize costs.

The term “server” does not describe a specific type of computer. [ 3 ] Since the 1990s and the increased demand for Internet services, there have been more and more computers that have been designed specifically to be used as Internet servers. [ 4 ] Typically, hardware redundancy is incorporated, so that if a hard drive falls, another one is automatically put online. There is also a great deal of serverspecific hardware, such as water cooling systems, which help reduce heat, and Error-Correcting Code (ECC) memory, which corrects memory errors as they happen, preventing data corruption. Many components are designed to be hot-swappable, meaning that they can be replaces while the server runs – without needing to power it down. [ 5 ] Some system operators maintain watch over multiple servers in multiple locations and physically visit the site only when necessary because of a crisis. [12, p. 910-912]

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Listening

Ex. 23 Listen to the three speakers and say which of them discuss the same area of study [13].

Ex. 24 Listen again and choose a, b, or c.

1.To create a match for a human brain we have to understand

a.how a human's memory works.

b.it in all its complexity.

c.what makes people intelligent.

2.Doing reverse engineering of the brain means

a.to explore it from the outside.

b.to find out how its parts are connected.

c.to examine it from the inside.

3.We will use nanorobots for brain exploration

a.by 2300.

b.by 2033.

c.by 2030.

4.A human brain can do parallel tasks whereas computers complete tasks

a.in a sequence.

b.in a bunch.

c.simultaneously.

5.Speaker 2 is sure we will create an intelligent computer only if

a.it functions the way a brain does.

b.it is given more power.

c.the technical progress is more rapid.

6.Speaker 2 believes it will not be possible to

a.enable computers to do parallel tasks.

b.make computers reproduce themselves.

c.make computers individuals.

7.The rate of technical progress is doubled every

a.year.

b.10 years.

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c.12 years.

8.Which of the speakers believes that computers will be smarter than people one day

a.Speaker 1

b.Speaker 2

c.Speaker 3

Self-Study

Strategy Point

To have a rich vocabulary resource try and do the following:

1.Record new vocabulary with the words similar and opposite in meaning.

2.Record the words that often go together (collocations, idioms).

3.Record different forms of words (e.g. effect, effective, effectively).

4.Write an example sentence to use the new word/ collocation.

5.Regularly review the new vocabulary.

Text 1

Ex. 1 Use a word from the box to fill in the gaps. You do not have to use all of them.

Robots

Robots and robotic systems are 1. _____ commonplace in many areas of daily life, such as manufacturing, medicine, exploration, security, personal assistance, and entertainment. In general, a robot is a mechanical 2. ______ that can perform independent tasks guided by some sort of programming. Sometimes, robots are intended to 3.

______ humans in tedious or hazardous tasks. In others tasks, such as some surgeries, robots 4. ______ actually exceed human capabilities.

For many, the word “robot” brings to mind both futuristic androids, which are robots that are designed to look human and cyborgs, which contain both mechanical and 5. ______ components. Robots used in many industrial applications, such as in medicine, bomb disposal, 124

and repetitive jobs, rarely 6. _______ humans. However, several humanoid robots and robots that realistically mimic the look and behavior of animals 7. ______ produced. In 2008, a Japanese play was written and produced for both robots and human actors, and robot animals have sometimes been marketed as replacements for biological pets. The word “robot” can also refer to software-like Web crawlers that run automated tasks over the Internet to 8. _______, though “bot” is a more common name. The field of robotics generates many interesting problems in both theoretical and 9.

_______ mathematics and benefits from the contributions of mathematicians. For some, the ultimate quest in the twenty-first century and beyond is to develop materials, technology, and algorithms to create robots that meet or perhaps 10. _______ human levels of perception, behavior, and intelligence. Nano-robots, which are ultra-small robots about the size of a nanometer, might one day be developed for tasks like hunting and destroying cancer cells. [12, p. 874-875]

Text 2

Ex. 2 Look through the text and choose the appropriate heading.

1.Applied Mathematics

2.Excel in Mathematics

3.Careers in Mathematics

4.Why study Maths?

“What can one do with a mathematics degree other than teaching?” It is a question asked by many aspiring mathematicians. In fact, a more 1. _____ question to ask should be “What can’t one

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do with a math degree?” Actually, the study of mathematics extends far beyond mere number crunching and doing fast mental arithmetic in grocery stores. The fact is that studying mathematics can prepare one for 2. ______ careers. In general, companies believe that studying mathematics develops analytical skills and the ability to work in a problem-solving 3. ______ . These are the skills and experiences that are essential assets to one’s success in the workplace. Precisely, mathematics is often the quintessential element to 4. ______ communicate with people of various backgrounds. It is the ability to efficiently process a manifold of information and deliver the technical details to a general audience that makes mathematicians 5. ______. Having a mathematics background not only helps people broaden their pool of career options, it also helps to land some of the best jobs 6. _______ .

Why is mathematics a required subject in school curricula at all levels? Why is mathematics so essential for the proper functioning of everyday tasks in society? Why do most people who excel in their field credit their success to their formal training in mathematics? One possible 7. ______ is that a proper training in mathematics provides people with abilities to think and solve problems critically in novel settings.

A Web site sponsored by the Department of Mathematics at Brigham Young University provides a list of possible 8. _______

options for someone with a background in mathematics. Some of the more common professions include actuary, architect, chemical engineer, college professor, computer scientist, cryptanalyst, economist, mechanical engineer, quantitative financial market analyst, and statistician; some less well-known career options include air traffic controller, animator, astronaut, epidemiologist, geologist, hydrologist, lawyer, market research analyst, composer, physician, technical writer, and urban planner. Certainly, a fixed set of mathematics curriculum will not prepare one for all the 9. ______

listed here. What will be consistent is gaining the ability to solve problems 10. ________ and critically.

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Applied mathematicians often solve problems that 11.

_______ in physics, chemistry, geology, biology, or various disciplines of engineering. Mathematics is used to model physical phenomena, to answer questions 12. ________ from observations, to learn characteristics of large quantities, and to make predictions and improvements for future events. A representative mathematical training includes coursework in numerical analysis and methods, computer programming, computer languages, applied and experimental statistics, and probability theory, as well as a few courses in another field of interest. [12, p. 162-163]

Ex. 3 Use a word from the box to fill in the gaps. You do not have to use all of them.

Ex. 4 Read the text and fill in the gaps with an appropriate sentence from those below. You do not have to use one of them.

A These developments allowed for better visual representation and distribution of mathematical ideas and inventions to a much broader audience than the older master-apprentice models.

B A large labor pool was thus created for the new factories.

C New technologies both drew on existing mathematics and prompted its further development.

D The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were extremely fruitful in the development of modern mathematics.

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E This transition had profound implications for economic and political institutions and international relations, as well as for the landscape and environment, family, education, and culture.

FEdwin Chadwick (1800–1890) and Friedrich Engels (1820– 1895) pioneered the use of quantitative measures to describe social problems.

GAs the Industrial Revolution spread in the late twentieth century, nuclear energy and emerging “green energy” sources have been developed.

Industrial Revolution

The term “Industrial Revolution” refers to the great social transformation, beginning in the mid-eighteenth century, during which manufacturing replaced agriculture as the center of productive activity. 1. ______ Its two main dimensions were technological innovation and the social organization of production.

The Industrial Revolution was facilitated by the increased use of realistic perspectives in painting and drawing that flourished in the Renaissance, as well as by the invention of the printing press in the fifteenth century, which spurred intellectual growth in many fields, including mathematics. 2. _______

Some historians question the use of the term “revolution,” since these developments indisputably occurred incrementally over a period of a century or more. Nonetheless, their cumulative impact dramatically changed virtually every aspect of life, first in Great Britain and eventually worldwide. 3. _______ New institutions of intellectual life also fostered the emergence of increasingly abstract mathematics.

The key technological feature of the Industrial Revolution was the application of new sources of power: first the steam engine (late eighteenth century), and later electricity and the internal combustion engine (late nineteenth century). 4. ________

A crucial problem of the early Industrial Revolution was the means of transmitting power from the steam engine to the machines

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used in production itself. This problem gave rise to the mathematical theory of linkages. Equally important to the Industrial Revolution was the large-scale organization of labour. In England, the Enclosure Acts (1760–1845) forced small farmers into urban areas, while vagrancy laws, poor laws, and workhouses (places where those who were not able to support themselves could seek shelter and employment) instilled labour discipline. 5. ______ Market competition impelled factory owners to use the cheapest possible labor - children as young as five as well as adult women and men— and to maximize profits by extending the working day to 14 hours or more per day, seven days per week.

The vastly larger scale of production made possible by mechanization and the steam engine created a qualitatively distinct industrial organization of labor. It intensified the division of labor, de-skilling some jobs and creating new forms of specialization.

The Industrial Revolution therefore meant profound changes in work, residence patterns, family relations, and urban life. This in turn sparked interest in social statistics. 6. _______ Belgian mathematician Adolphe Quetelet applied the statistical techniques previously used in astronomy to social problems, further developing them and helping to institutionalize the discipline of statistics. [12, p. 499-500]

Ex. 5 Read the text again and choose the appropriate answer: a, b, c or d.

1.When did the industrial revolution start?

a.in 1850

b.at the beginning of the 1800s

c.around the 1850s

d.after the 1850s

2.In the course of the Industrial Revolution

a.more people started being involved in industrial production.

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b.technology was introduced in agriculture.

c.more goods were manufactured.

d.production was replaced by consumption.

3.According to the text, the Industrial Revolution pushed the development of

a.agriculture.

b.new painting techniques.

c.human intellect.

d.culture and science.

4.The Industrial Revolution induced the alterations in

a.labour practices and market competition.

b.family relations and residence practices.

c.length of a working day and week.

d.all of the above.

5.Statistics came to social sciences from

a.economics.

b.mathematics.

c.astronomy.

d.physics.

Ex. 6 Fill in the gaps with nouns and verbs. Check with Text 3.