Metodichka_-_Anglysky_yazyk

Lesson 3

Text 1

Pre-reading

Ex. 1 Answer the questions.

1.Which universal constants can you name?

2.Do you remember which constant:

a)quantifies the speed of light?

b)is related to gravitation?

c)is used to calculate the circumference of a circle?

d)allows to calculate the energy of light particles?

e)gives the charge of an elementary particle?

Ex. 2 Say what each equation signifies.

E =hν; F = ma

Reading

Ex. 3 Look through the text and say which constants are considered universal.

Universal Constants

A universal constant is a physical quantity whose value remains fixed throughout the Universe for all the time. However, most constants are known only approximately; humans started measuring them relatively recently and it is an 1) … that they are – and have always been – fixed. There may be other assumptions that scientists and mathematicians have implicitly made that turn out to be false and undermine the universality of these constants. For example, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter in

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Euclidean space is π, but with Albert Einstein's conceptualisation that the Universe could have non-Euclidean geometry, this circumference-to-diameter ratio in the real world may be some value not 2) … π.

The International Committee on Data for Science and Technology defines and modifies physical constants and quantifies their levels of certainty. Three 3) … in particular are fundamental to the current understanding of the physical world. Together, they underlie the mathematics of gravity, relativity, and quantum physics.

G first appeared in Isaac Newton's famous equation F=G m1 m2/r2 which quantifies the force (F) of gravitation between two masses (m1 and m2), where r is the distance between their centers of mass. G is essentially a very small number. Thus, gravity is a very weak force. Although every mass is attracted to every other mass, the effects of 4) … are obvious only when the masses involved are very large (such as with planets).

Using another of Newton's 5) … , F=ma, it follows that the acceleration due to gravity on Earth is the same for all masses. This acceleration is known as G and its value is around 9.81 ms-2 at the top of mount Everest. Knowing g to be about 9.81 ms-2 and the radius of the Earth to be roughly 6,378,000 meters, one can use G to show that the mass of the Earth is about 5.98*1024 kg. One can also 6) … the mass of the Sun and other celestial bodies, such as the applicability of G.

The velocity of light in a vacuum, c0, is probably the most widely known universal constant. Since the lengths of a meter is defined by it, c0 is fixed at exactly 299,792,458 ms-1. The invariance of c0 is a principle that was made famous by Albert Einstein in his theory of special relativity. Einstein's principle states that no matter how fast you or the light source are travelling, the speed of light will always be the same. This principle is counterintuitive, but both the constancy of c0 and related predictions of relativity theory have been verified empirically. From relativity theory, it is known that as velocity increases, measurements of time and space change because

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duration and displacement are 7) … – they depend on how fast one is moving. The amounts by which they change are determined by c0.

What is actually travelling at c0 are massless particles called

“photons”. As carriers of the electromagnetic force, all light, electricity and magnetism are the result of photon motion. The relationship between the photon energies and the frequency of their electromagnetic radiation is the basis quantum physics and the third constant, h.

Named after Max Plank, h has an approximate value of 6.63*10-34 kgm2s-1. The units of h can be understood as jouleseconds, also known as “action”. This unit is distinct from “power”, which is joules per second.

The first appearance of h was the Plank's relation E=hν. Plank discovered that photons only had certain discreet energy values, the E=hν equation relates the energy (E) of the photon to the frequency

(ν) of its electromagnetic radiation. The fact that h exists implies that energy comes in discrete lumps, not as a continuous stream. The unit of h appears in a number of important and fundamental relations, such as Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and Niels Born model of the atom. [12, p. 1036-1027]

Ex. 4 Fill in the gaps in the text (1-7) with the words below.

Ex. 5 Mark the statements as true (T) or false (F).

1.We exactly know the values of all universal constants.

2.Some constants were thought to be universal before, but now they are not considered universal.

3.π is a universal constant.

4.Gravitational attraction is a strong force.

5.The radius of our planet is approximately 6,378 km.

6.The speed of light in vacuum is constant in any reference system.

7.Nothing in the Universe travels as fast as photons.

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8. Plank understood that photons are carriers of electricity.

Vocabulary

Ex. 6 Find in Text 1 English equivalents given in bold for the following Russian words and word combinations.

1.the increase of speed of a moving object

2.contrary to common sense

3.clearly different from

4.the amount of something

5.proved to be true

6.related to the sky

7.especially

8.the ability to stay the same

9.small and limited

10.a relationship between two sizes or amounts

11.the number of times that something happens during a period of time

12.the speed that something moves at in one direction

Ex. 7 Give words with the same root.

1.a verb from the noun acceleration

2.a noun with the same root as counterintuitive

3.an adjective and an adverb from the noun frequency

4.a verb and another noun from invariance

5.a verb and an adjective from the noun quantity

6.a noun and an adverb from the adjective distinct

Ex. 8 Fill in the gaps with the appropriate part of speech. To make it, use the root in brackets.

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1.Changes in sea temperature will increase the … of hurricanes.

(frequen-)

2.All these … can effect a student's performance. (var-)

3.The benefits of higher education are difficult to … . (quant-)

4.I … remember the day we started the project. (distinct-)

5.Quantum physics is mostly … . (intuit-)

6.The differences are not measurable in … terms. (quant-)

7.Economic growth slowed down after months of … . (acceler-)

Ex. 9 Among the adverbs in Text 1 find the ones that mean:

1.nearly

2.quite

3.not stated directly

4.basically

5.about, around

6.precisely

7.experimentally

8.indeed, really.

Ex. 10 Make adverbs from the words in brackets and use them in the sentences below.

1.What the author is stating is true. (essential)

2.Few women become airplane pilots. (relative)

3.You have to be dressed when you attend the conference. (appropriate)

4.This group of students is involved in the event preparation. (active)

5.Students need to be reminded of the objectives of the course. (constant)

6.He never demonstrates his intentions. (explicit)

7.Although college squads are currently about 50% male, youth cheerleading is female. (predominant)

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Ex. 11 Find in Text 1 English equivalents for the following Russian words and word combinations.

1.значение остается неизменным

2.соотношение длины окружности к диаметру

3.численно определяет их точность

4.текущее понимание

5.притягивается к любой другой массе

6.его значение примерно равно

7.специальная теория относительности

8.скорость повышается

9.не обладающие массой частицы

10.электромагнитное излучение

11.непрерывный поток

Ex. 12 Fill in the gaps with an appropriate preposition. Check with the text.

1.fundamental … the understanding of the world

2.every mass is attracted … every other mass

3.… the top of mount Everest

4.they depend … how fast one is moving

5.travelling … the speed of light

6.relationship … the photon energies and the frequency of their electromagnetic radiation

7.relates the energy of a photon … the frequency

*Ex. 13 Match the verbs (1-5) to the prepositions (a-e) they usually come with.

*Ex. 14 Use the phrases from Ex.13 in the appropriate form in the sentences below.

1.Many local businesses … recently … … the school building fund.

2.The government must now … … the problem of high unemployment.

3.The two concepts are quite … … each other.

4.The crash … … the death of numerous passengers.

5.The survey does not … for the fact that some students are attending part-time.

Grammar

Ex. 15 Complete the table .

Passive Voice: to be + Ved/V3

Ex. 16 Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Passive Voice.

1.In recent years, the Kelly criterion (incorporate) into many mainstream investment theories and betting strategies.

2.As Figure 3 shows, ice is melting and more of that (expect).

3.The life expectancy of a newborn female in the United States (estimate) to be 80.2 years in 2006, compared to just 75.1 years for a newborn male.

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4. Since then, many books and articles (write) on her life and work. 5.The first step is to identify the question to be answered or the problem to be solved, a process that is particularly important when the research (conduct) by a separate department or a consulting group.

6.Some calculations suggest that the supply (exhaust) early in first half of the twenty-second century.

7.This phenomenon (address) at the government level by changing price and tax structures to promote sustainable practices.

8.The first essentially correct proof of this result, which (anticipate) already in the seventeenth century, was given by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1799 in his doctoral dissertation.

Ex. 17 Make sentences from groups of words below.

1.Werner Heisenberg / put in charge / nuclear project / before WWII / start

2.radiotrophy / research / in fungi / high-radiation areas / at the moment

3.mathematics / recently / call / “science of patterns”

4.if / light source / place / focus of a parabolic mirror / light / reflect / rays parallel / axis

5.notion / carbon footprint / consider / wide range of areas / today

6.Television viewing data / estimate / using metrics collection and statistical modeling.

7.broader interpretation / use / this discussion / from now on

Modals + Passive Infinitives

We must do it as soon as possible. - It must be done as soon as possible.

They must have already done that. - It must have already been done. (action the past)

They should have sent the letter a week ago. - This letter should have been sent a week ago. (action the past)

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Ex. 18 Use modals with passive infinitives in the appropriate form in the sentences below.

1.Historically and philosophically, many people have asserted that to be objective, science (must / base) on empirical observations rather than subjective opinion.

2.This shows that one of our previous assumptions (must / be) wrong.

3.Ancient Egyptians and mathematicians in other ancient civilizations (may / use) symbols to represent quantities.

4.Animals (may / equip) with miniature devices that track their positions in space.

5.The validity of an index or test (should / base) on how well it performs against a gold standard.

6.Statistician and historian Stephen Stigler believes that it (might / use) much earlier than in 1893, and there is certainly evidence to support that assertion.

7.While many jobs require mathematical skills and techniques, such as architecture and engineering, they (may not / classify) as “applied mathematics” careers.

Ex. 19 Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Active or Passive Voice.

During the twentieth century, there were many discussions among professionals at the Federal Communications Commission regarding the possibility of opening up frequencies for phone use. Cellular networks began to appear around the world. For instance, Japan 1)_____ (offer) a 1G system in 1979, and, in 1983, AT&T and Ameritech tested a commercial cellular system in Chicago. Much of the advancement in cell network technology 2)_____ (focus) on the frequency band within a cell, which must 3)_____ (divide) up to carry several calls at the same time. In first-generation cell technology, calls 4)_____ (transmit) in analog, which allowed only

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one call per frequency. Typically, a cell phone carrier 5)_____

(assign) 832 radio frequencies to use in a city. Each call was full duplex, meaning that it 6)_____ (use) two frequencies: one to transmit and one to receive.

*Ex. 20 Rewrite the sentences in the Passive Voice as in the example.

Example: Some people refer to Samuel Loyd as “America’s greatest puzzlist.” - Samuel Loyd is referred to by some as “America’s greatest puzzlist.”

1.Finally, we agreed on the topic.

2.They have recently approved of the project.

3.My supervisor insisted on this topic for my course project.

4.We will decide on the theme of the conference.

5.They had objected to the plan even before it was realised.

6.51% per cent of the population have voted for this candidate so far.

Ex. 21 Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate form of the Passive Voice. Then fill in the gaps with a preposition from the box.

1.Units of volume and mass (derive) … the basic unit of length.

2. Most of the spectacular prehistoric structures, from Stonehenge in England to the huge geometrical patterns of Nazca in Peru, (link) … measures of the sun’s movement and the seasons.

3.Mathematicians (involve) … developing new methods for recycling and modeling both economic and environmental impacts.

4. Mathematical modeling and statistical analysis (apply) … swimming in a variety of ways.

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