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IOTepHaH nporpaMMa npHMeHMTb KaKYIO-TO MeTOLl,HKY KOHTeKCTHoro aHaJIM3a )],JIH KOp­ peKTMpOBKM TaKMX HenpMeMJIeMbIX pe3yJIbTa­ TOB? JlhITYMTIlBHO MO)I(HO Cpa3Y npeLl,nOJIO)l(lfTh, 'ITO 3TO COMHMTeJIbHO, HO nonp06yeM npoaHa­

JIM3HpOBaTb 3TOT Bonpoc 60JIee nOLl,p06HO. ilOLl,YMaeM npe)l()],e Bcero, nO'IeMY MbI He

KaKMM-TO YLI,aqHbIM pelIleHMHM MJIM Ll,OCTM)I(e­ HMHM 'IeJIOBeKa, a TaK)l(e ero Ka'IeCTBaM, KOTopbIe OH MO)l(eT B ce6e Bblpa60TaTb HJIll YJIY'IlIIMTb. B Ll,aHHOM )l(e pa3rOBope pe'Ib MLl.eT o TOM, 'ITO HeKaH )l(eHIUMHa CqaCTJIMBa, M ro­ BOPHIUMM Bblpa)l(aeT YLI,OBJIeTBOpeHMe 3TMM <paKTOM. Ho C'IaCTbe 3aBMCMT OT BHelIlHMX yc­ JIOBMM, 3TO He TO qYSCTBO, KOTopoe 'IeJIOBeK MO)l(eT BbI3BaTb B ce6e no c06cTBeHHoM BOJIe (oTToro-To M BocnpMHMMaeTCH KaK lIIYTKa

"", .,. }

a<popl13M «XOqellIh 6hITh CqaCTJII1BhIM - 6YJl:h 11M!» ). CJIeJl:OBaTeJIhHO, He06xoJl:I1MO rrpl1Me­ HI1Th He <P0PMYJIY rrOXBaJIhI, a HeKoe BhIpa)l(e­ Hl1e YJl:OBJIeTBOpeHHOCTI1 - CM. BhIllie.

QT06hI Jl:aHHasI apI)'MeHTaIIlUI Morna cpa60TaTh B MallIl1HHOM rrepeBOJl:e, OHa Jl:OJDKHa 6hITh HeKHM 06pa30M <pOPMaJII130BaHa. ,lLJrn pa60ThI B paMKax BocxoMIIIero aJIrop"TMa KOMrrhIOTepHOM rrporpaMMe He06xoJl:I1Mh YKa3aHlUI B Bl1JI:e HeKHX MapKepOB CTpYKTYP­ HOro JII160 KOHTeKCTHoro xapaKTepa, YKa3hI­ BaIOIIII1X Ha 3TOT orreHOK 3HaqeHlUI <ppa3hI "Good for her". llpl1 BCeM )l(eJIaHI1I1 BhHlBI1Th TaKHe MapKephI 11 3aCTaBI1Th I1X COpl1eHTl1pO­ BaTh rrporpaMMY HeB03MO)l(HO - HI1KaKI1X <P0PMaJIhHhIX 3JIeMeHTOB, KOTophIe rrOJl:OIIIJII1 6hI Ha 3ry POJIh, B Jl:aHHOM TeKCTe HeT.

EJl:I1HCTBeHHhIM BhIXOJl: - 3TO C<P0PMI1PO­ BaTh B JIeKCl1qeCKOM 6a3e Jl:aHHhIXrrporpaMMhI Jl:Be ceMaHTl1qeCKHe KaTerOp"l, Harrp"Mep:

(x) CJIOBa, 0603HaqaIOIIII1e BHelliHee CBOMCT­ BO, He 113MeIDIeMoe ero HOCI1TeJIeM rro CBoeMY )l(eJIaHI1IO, 11 (y) CJIOBa, 0603HaqaIOIIII1e CBOM­

CTBO, rrOMaIOIIIeeC5I 113MeHeHI1IO CaMI1M HO­ CI1TeJIeM. Bce CJIOBa, JI:JI5I KOTOPhIX 3TO 6hIDO

6hI YMeCTHO, rronyql1JIl1 6hI TOrJl:a B 6a3e Jl:aH­ HhIX OJl:I1H 113 3TI1XMapKepOB - x I1JII1Y, a B aJI­ ropHTM rrepeBOJl:a6hIDO 6hI 3aJIO)l(eHOrrpaBI1JIO rrpeJl:rrOqTI1TeJIhHOrO I1CrrOJIh30BaHlUI B OJl:HOM KOHTeKCTe CJIOB C OJl:I1HaKOBhIM MapKepOM. TorJl:a, Bep05lTHO, rrporpaMMa yqna 6hI HaJIl1ql1e pa3HhIX MapKepOB Y CJIOB CItacm.nU8bIU 11 MOAoiJeu, 11 He I1CrrOJIh30BaJIa 6hI I1X B COQeTa­ HI1I1, rryCTh Jl:a)I(e Ha Jl:I1CTaHIII1I1 113 HeCKOJIh­ KHX CJIOB I1JII1rrpeMO)l(eHI1M.

OJl:HaKO rrOJl:YMaeM: rrpOBeCTI1 Bce 3TI1 pac­ c eHlUI, BhIPa3I1Th I1X JIomKY <pOPMaJIhHO 11 3aJI0)l(l1Th B aJIrOpl1TM rrporpaMMhI rrepeBOJl:a crroc06eH TOJIhKO QeJIOBeK I1JII1 KOJIJIeKTI1B, pa60TaIOIIII1M HaJ!: YCOBepmeHCTBOBaHl1eM rrporpaMMhI rrepeBOJl:a. PeQh l1JI:eTHe 0 caMO06yqeHI111 rrporpaMMhI, a BHelliHeM COBep­ llIeHCTBOBaHl111 HI1CXOJl:51IIIerO aJIrOp"TMa. TaKoe YCOBepmeHCTBOBaHl1e Tpe6yeT BHece­ HlUI B Hero Jl:OCTaTOQHO MaCllITa6HhIX 113MeHe­ HI1M, a TaK)l(e «pyqHoih> 06pa60TKI1 Bcero KOMrrhIOTepHoro JIeKCI1KOHa C IIeJIhIO MapKH­ pOBaHI151 ero eJl:I1HI1II.

Terreph rrpeJl:CTaBI1M ce6e, CKOJIhKO eIIIe HeYJl:aQHhIX rrOJl:CTaHOBOK MO)l(eT CJl:eJIaTh

rrepBhIe OrrhlThI, TO cpa3y BI1JI:HO, HaCKOJIhKO BeJIHK 06'beM pa60ThI, KOTOPYIO HaJ!:O BhIIIOJI­ HHTh Jl:a)I(e JI:JI5I COCTaBJIeHI151He60JIhllII1Xrrpo­ rpaMM, H HaCKOJIhKO ceroJl:H5I HecoH3MepHM TpYJl:, 3aTpaQHBaeMhIM Ha COCTaBJIeHHe rrpa­ BI1JI 11 rrporpaMM, H rrpaKTHQeCKHM 3<p<peKT, KOTOPhIM MO)l(eT 6hITh Jl:OCTHrHYT» I I . 3TH CJIOBa 6hIDI1 Harrl1CaHhI B HaQaJIe 1960-x roJl:OB, HO 11 CeMQaC, crrYCT5I rrOJIBeKa, MhI BhIH eHhI KOHCTaTHpOBaTh rrOQTH TO )l(e caMoe - no KpaMHeM Mepe, rrpHMeHHTeJIhHO K norrhITKaM 06eCrreQl1Th XOPOllIl1MaBTOMaTI1QeCKHM rrepe­ BOJl: 06hIQHOM 6hITOBOM peQH.

CTaTIo1cn1Ka 6eCCIo1AbHa

OJl:HaKO He 6YJl:eM TopOrrHThC5I C BhIBOJl:a­ MH. MhI eIIIeHe paCCMOTpeJIH cHryaIIHIO C Jl:pyrOM rpyrrrroM BhIpa)l(eHI1M B HallieM BhI60p­ Ke, a I1MeHHO C BhIpa)l(eHlUIMH "I'm good", "We are good", ''Are we good?". 3TH BhIpa)l(e­ HI15I, OQeHh 6JIH3KHe rro JIeKCJ1qeCKOMY COCTa­ By 11 cTpYKTYPe, rrpl1Jl:eTC5IpaCCMOTpeTh rro OT­ Jl:eJIhHOCTI1, rrOCKOJIhKY Ka)I(JI:Oe H3 HHX crroc06HO BhIpa)l(aTh crreIII1<pJ1qeCKHe orreH­ KH CMhICJIa. llpl1BeJl:eM BapHaHThI rrepeBOJl:OB 3TI1X BhIpa)l(eHHM, BCTpeTHBllIHeC5I B BhI60p­ Ke, B Ta6JII1QHOM <popMe:

11 11.11. PeB3IfH, B.IO. P03eHlIBei1r. OCHOBbI o61l\ero

If MallIlfHHoro nepeBO.Qa. - M.: BbICllIalI llIKOJla, 1964. C. 16.

."

nOHCHIO Ha BCHKHM. cnyqaM., qTO BbIpIDKe­ HHe "I'm good", CTaBIIIee B rrOCJIe,ll;Hee BpeMH rrorrYJIHpHbIM B PaJroBOPHOM aMepHKaHCKOM aHrJIHM.CKOM, yrrOTPe6AAeTCH qawe Bcero, KO­ r.na roBOPHIIIHM.3aHBJIHeT 0 CBOeM. KOM<P0PTHO­ CTH HJIH CaMO,ll;OCTaroqHOCTH B KaKOM.-JIH60 CHTYaUHH, Hepe,ll;KO rrpH 3TOM OTKa3bIBaHCb OT rrpe,ll;JIO)({eHHH rrOMOIII.HJIH ,lI;06aBKH. Bo MHO­ )({eCTBeHHOM qHCJIe aHaJIOrHqHaH <ppa3a (We are good) MO)({eT BbIpIDKaTb TY )({e MbICJIb, a MO)({eT 0603HaqaTb OTCYTCTBHe Y CTOPOH B3aHMHblX rrpeTeH3HM.. HaKoHeu, B BorrpOCH­ TeJIbHOM. <popMe (Are we good?, We're good?)

Ta )({e <ppa3a yrrOTPe6JIHeTCH KaK rrpocb6a rro,ll;­ TBep,ll;HTb yperyJIHpOBaHHocTb KaKoro-JIH60 crropa HJIH rrpocTYIO ,lI;OrOBOpeHHOCTb Me)({,ll;y CTopOHaMH.

CTaTHcTuqeCKHM. rro,ll;Xo,ll;rrOKa3bIBaeT ce6H B 3THX CJIyqaHXeme xyxe, qeM B rrpHMepe C BbI-

pIDKeHHeM "Good for you". HaH60JIee qaCTOT­ HbIM, HO ,lI;aJIeKO He rrpe06JIa,IJ;alOIII.HM, rrepeBO­ ,lI;OM peIIJIHKH "I'm good" HBJIHeTCH <ppaJa «51 B rrOPMKe» (9 CJIyqaeB H3 49, HJIH 18%) . B 10% CJIyqaeB perrJIHKa rrepeBe,ll;eHa KaK «(3TO) XOpOIIIO», B 8% - «CrrpaBHJIaCb», «51 crrpaBAA­ IOCb» HJIH «CrrpaBJIlOcb». qacToTHoCTb OCTaJIb­ HbIX BapHaHTOB - 6% HJIH MeHee.

nOrrbITKa rrO,ll;CTaBHTb HaH60JIee qaCTOT­ HhIM. BapHaHT - «51 B rrOPMKe» - B ,lI;pyrHe KOHTeKCTbI B 60JIbIIIHHCTBe CJIyqaeB rrpHBO,lI;HT K HerrpHeMJIeMhIMpe3YJIbTaTaM. BOT rrpHMepbI:

( 1 ) "You want to hear?"

"No, I'm good, thanks." (Ce30H 2, cepHSI 8)

-XO'leWb nocnywaTb?

-HeT, He CTOMT.

(2)"Doesn't that concern you?"

"No, I'm good." (Ce30H 3, cepHSI 2)

l(

-Te6S1 :no He BOIlHyeT?

-HeT, He oco6eHHo.

( 3 ) "Uh, is there, you know, anything else that you

would need to know?"

"No, I'm good." (Ce30H 6, cepHSI 7)

-MHe nocTapaTbcSI BcnOMHHTb ellle'1TO-HH6YAb, 'ITO MO)l(eT nOMO'lb paCClleAOBaHHIO?

-AOCTaTO'lHO.

Bo06Il.(e MO)KHO Blf.LI:eTb, qTO H3 22 BapH­ aHTOB rrepeBO,lJ;a, HCrrOJIb30BaHHblX B CepHaJIe M5I 3TOro Bblpa)KeHH5I, JIHIIIbeIl.(e OqeHb He­ MHorHe rro,lJ;o K O,lJ;HOMYH3 rrpHBe,lJ;eHHbIX KOHTeKCTOB. B rrpHMepe (1) B03MO)!(eH 1 CH­ HOHHMHqHbIH rrepeBO,lJ; « <He HMO» ), B rrpH­ Mepe (2) - 2 (<<MHe BCe paBHO» HJIH «MeH51 3TO YCTpaHBaeT») H B rrpHMepe (3) - 2 BapH­ aHTa « He CTOHT» , « He HMO»).

C ,lJ;pyrOH CTOPOHbI, rrepeBO,lJ;qHKY-rrpo­ <l>eccHOHaJIY51CHO, qTO 3THMH 22 rrepeBO,lJ;aMH Bce B03MO)!(Hble BapHaHTbI ,lJ;aJIeKO He HCqep­ rrbIBaIOTC5I. TaK, B rrpHMepe (1) MO)!(HO 6bmo 6bI CKaJaTb «He xoqy», «He JIY)!(HO», B rrpH­ Mepe (2) - « He OqeHb», « He BOJIHYeT» , B rrpH­ Mepe (3) - «B 3TOM HeT He06xo,lJ;HMOCTH». CTaJIO 6bITb, B HaIIIYBbI60PKY (KOTOPYIO 51 He Ha3BaJI 6bI MaJIeHbKOH) He rrorraJI IIeJIbIH PM BapHaHToB rrepeBO,lJ;a, KOTopble rrepeBo)J;qHK

Mor 6bI HCrrOJIb30BaTb, a MaIIIHHa He CMO)!(eT. EIl.(e MeHee rrOJIe3Hble ,lJ;aHHble,lJ;JI5I HaIIIeH

MaIIIHHbI ,lJ;aCT aHaJIH3rrepeBO,lJ;OB Bblpa)KeHHH "We are good" H ''Are we good?". B YTBep,lJ;H­ TeJIbHOH <l>opMe qaIl.(e Bcero (27%) BCTpeqaeT­ C5I BapHaHT rrepeBO,lJ;a « (Y Hac) BCe XOpOIIIO» , HO B a6COJIIOTHbIX IIH<l>Pax 3TO Bcero TpH CJIY­ qa51, H pe3YJIbTaT HeOqeBlf.LI:eH, TaK KaK COH3MepHM co CTaTHCrnqeCKOH rrorpeIIIHOCThIO. B BorrpOCHTeJIbHOH <l>opMe Bo06Il.(e Bce BapH­ aHTbI BCTpeqaIOTC5I TOJIbKO rro O,lJ;HOMY Pa3Y.

nonyqHB TaKOH pe3YJIbTaT, rrepeBO,lJ;qHK­ MaIIIHHa BblH eHa 6Y,lJ;eT Bbl6HpaTb COOT­ BeTCTBHe cnyqaHHbIM 06pa30M, TaK KaK Y Hee HeT HHKaKHX OCHOBaHHH rrpe,lJ;rrOqeCTb O,lJ;HH BapHaHT ,lJ;pyrOMY. Me)!(,lJ;Y TeM HH 0 KaKOH B3aHM03aMeH51eMOCTH COOTBeTCTBHH He MO­ )!(eT 6bITb H peqH. PaCCMOTpHM, K rrpHMepy, O,lJ;HH H3 cHryaTHBHbIX KOHTeKCTOB: Ha ceaHce KOJIJIeKTHBHOH rrCHXOTeparrHH ,lJ;JI5I cyrrpyxe­ CKHX rrap PYKOBO,lJ;HTeJIb rrpHmaIIIaeT HOBJiq­ KOB paCCKa3aTb 0 CBOHX rrp06JIeMax, HO Te eIl.(e CTeCH5IIOTC5I BblCTyrraTb:

HH5I» B TOqHOe COOTBeTCTBHe.

HMO eIl.(e HMeTb B Blf.LI:Y, qTO MaCCHB TeK­ CTOB Ha OCHOBe MHHHoro TeJIeCepHaJIa - 3TO eIl.(e OqeHb 60JIbIIIa5IPOCKOIIIbM5I aBTOMaTH­ qeCKoro rrepeBo)J;qHKa. Be,lJ;b B CepHaJIe ,lJ;eHCT­ ByeT IIpHMepHo O,lJ;HH H TOT )!(e KPyr JIHII, HaxOMIl.(HXC5I B MaJIO MeH51IOIl.(eHC5I 06CTa­ HOBKe, qbe 06Il.(eHHe Orrpe,lJ;eAAeTC5IHe CJIHIlI­ KOM yx IIIHPOKHM KpyrOM rrp06JIeM, CB5I3aH­ HblX C OTHOIIIeHH5IMH Me)!(,lJ;y ,lJ;PY3b5lMH H pO,lJ;CTBeHHHKaMH. PeaJIbHOe )!(e MHoro06pa3He TeM H rrepCOHa)KeH, C KOTOPbIMH rrpHXO­

,lJ;HTC5I HMeTh ,lJ;eJIO rrpo<l>eccHOHaJIbHOMY YCT­ HOMY rrepeBO)J;qHKY, Ha HeCKOJIbKO rrOPMKOB IIIHpe, a CKopee Bcero, Bo06Il.(e He HMeeT rpa­ HHII. B rrpaKTHKe Ka)!(,lJ;oro orrbITHoro rrepeBO,lJ;­ qHKa HaBepH51Ka eCTb MHO)!(eCTBO TeM H CHry­ aIIHH, BCTpeqaBIIIHXC5I eMY e,lJ;HHCTBeHHbIH pa3 3a BCIO rrpo<l>eccHOHaJIbHYIO Kapbepy, Kor,lJ;a HHKaKa5I rrpe,lJ;IIIeCTBYIOIl.(a5I «6a3a ,lJ;aH­ HblX» , OTKY,lJ;a MO)!(HO 6b1JIO 6bI rrOqeprrHYTb rOTOBble COOTBeTCTBH5I, He Moma 6bI 6bITb c<l>opMHpoBaHa 3apaHee, HO H HOBbIH orrbIT, B 3TOH cHryaIIHH rrpH06peTeHHbIH, B ,lJ;aJIbHeH­ IIIeM He rrpHrO)!(,lJ;aJIC5I.

HeC03HaTeAbHaSi MaWHHa

TaK qTO, ,lJ;a)Ke eCJIH MO)!(HO 6bmo 6bI rrpe­ ,lJ;OCTaBHTb B paCrrOp5I)KeHHe KOMrrbIOTepa or­ POMHbIH MaCCHB COOTBeTCTBHH, corrOCTaBH­ MbIH C TeM peqeBbIM orrbIToM, KOTOPbIH qeJIOBeK-rrepeBO,lJ;qHKHaKaIIJIHBaeT 3a rrepHO,lJ; yqe6bI H rrpo<l>eccHOHaJIbHOrO pOCTa, HHKaKoH BOCXO,lJ;51Il.(HH HJIH HHCXO,lJ;51Il.(e-BOCXO,lJ;51IIIHH

:l' aJIrOpHTM Ha OCHOBe CTaTHCTH'IeCKOrO no,UXo­

,Il,a H HeKoero Ha60pa npaBHJI He 3aCTpaxyeT

§MallHHy-«nepeBO,ll,'IHK» OT HeBepHO nO,ll,06- :;;paHHhIX cooTBeTcTBHM, rpy60 HCKa)KaIOmHX

CMhICJI TeKCTa.

11 06MlcIDIeTc5I 3TO B TO'IHOCTH TeM )l(e,'leM P. DeHpoY3 06'h5lCIDICT HeB03MO)KHOCTh ti C03,1l,aHH5I MallHHhI-«MaTeMaTHKa» , cnoc06- 0r- HOM <j:loPMYJIHpOBaTh H ,Il,OKa3hIBaTh TcopeMhI: e; ,Il,JIH ycnelliHoro ocymecTBJIeHH5I 3TOM ,Il,e5l-

:::,TeJIhHOCTH MallHHe He XBaTaeT nOHHMaHHB

=

C2 (OC03HaHHH) TOro, 'ITO OHa ,Il,CJIaeT, a 3aMCC-

'"'0'-l THTh 3TO nOHHMaHHe B y,ll,OBJICTBOpHTeJIhHOM

= CTeneHH nO,ll,CTaHOBKaMH H3 npe,ll,lleCTByIO-

mero MaCCHBa ,Il,aHHhIX HeB03M01KHO.

\....ECJIH0' MhI comaCHhI C 3THM BhIBO,ll,OM, TO

o

nepe,ll,HaMH BCTaCT ,Il,pyra51 3a,1l,a'Ia, a HMCHHO

3a,1l,a'Ia nOH5ITh, 'ITO )l(e TaKoe He nOHHMaeT (HC OC03HaeT) Halla MallHHa ,Il,JI5I ycnelliHoro

nepeBO,ll,a. qTO Bo06I..IJ:eTpC6YCTC5I nOHHMaTh nepCBO,ll,'IHKY?

OTBC'Ia51 Ha 3TOT Bonpoc, 06hI'lHO rOBOp5lT 0606I..IJ:CHHO«DepCBO,ll,'IHKY Tpe6yeTc5I nOHH­ MaTh CMhICJI CKa3aHHoro» . B ceMaHTH'ICCKOM MO,ll,CJIH nCpeBO,ll,a, OnHpaIOI..CMC5IIJ:Ha TpaHC­ <j:l0pMaUHOHHYIO rpaMMaTHKY H. qOMCKH (XOMCKOro) H KOHuenUHIO nepeHoca 10. HaM­ ,Il,hI, CMhICJI BhICKa3hIBaHH5I BhffiBJI5leTC5I 'Iepe3 H3yqeHHc cro my6HHHoM CTPYKTYPhI H KOM­ nOHeHTHhIM aHaJIH3 3Ha'IHMhIX e,ll,HHHU. Ha 3Tane nopO)l(,ll,CHH5I TCKCTa ncpCBO,ll,anpOHC­ XO,ll,HT PCCTpYKTYPHpOBaHHC (peKOM6HHaUH5I) aKTYaJIhHhIX KOMnOHCHTOB CMhICJIa C UCJIhIO C03,1l,aHH5I HOBOM nOBepXHOCTHOM CTpYKTYPhI, COOTBeTCTByIOI..eMIJ:my6HHHoM CTpYKTYPC.

DPH 3TOM O,ll,HOMrny6HHHoM CTpYKTYPC MOryT COOTBeTCTBOBaTh pa3HhIe nOBepXHOCT­ HhIe CTpYKTYPhI, B KOTOPhIX H3 O,ll,HHXTCX )l(e KOMnOHeHTOB CMhICJIa, H3BJIe'IeHHhIX H3 OPH­ rHHaJIhHOrO BhICKa3hIBaHH5I, <j:lOPMHPyIOTC5I pa3JIH'IHhIe CJIOBeCHhIe KOMTIJIeKChI H KOM6H­ HaUHH H (HanpHMep, my6HHHa5I cTpYKTYPa <<1IH3a BJIa,Il,CJIa MaTpaueM» MO)l(eT peaJIH30BaThCH B nOBepXHOCTHhIX CTpYKTYPax <illH3HH MaTpau», «MaTpau npHHa,Il,JIC)l(aJIJIH3e» , <illH3a 6hma MaTpaUCBJIa,Il,CJIHueM», a <j:lPa3hI «YBa)l(C­ HHeM nOJIh3yeTc5I Ka)l(,Il,hIM MaTpaueBJIa,Il,eJIeu» H «qeJIOBCK, JIHlleHHhIM MaTpaua, - )l(aJIOK» 12 CeMaHTH'IeCKH BhIBO,ll,HMhI ,Il,pyr H3 ,Il,pyra).

12 11. I1JIbtP, E. neTpOB. .llBeHa,rJ.uaTbCT)'JIbeB. [JI . 19.

MC)l('bH3hIKOByIO nepH<j:lpa3Y, nOCTpoeH­ HyIO Ha CHHTaKCH'IeCKOM pecTpYKTYpHpOBa­ HHH, a TaK)l(e nepepacnpe,ll,eJIeHHH H pa3Ho­ ypoBHeBOM O<j:lOPMJICHHH ceMaHTH'ICCKHX KOMnOHeHToB, MO)KHO npOHJIJIIOCTpHpOBaTh npHMcpaMH, npHBO,ll,HMbIMH B.r. faKoM: « On trouvait a Yonville qu'il avait des mani<:res commc il faut » (G. Flaubert) - « Becb 110H­ BHJIb HaXO,ll,HJI,'ITO OH npCKpaCHO ce6H ,Il,ep­ )l(JIT» 13. 3KBHBaJIeHTHOCTb Me)l(,ll,y3THMH BbI­

CKa3bIBaHH5IMH ,Il,OCTHrHyra B TOM 'IHCJIe H nOCpC,Il,CTBOM ceMaHTH'IeCKOrO COOTBeTCTBH5I e,ll,HHHU pa3Horo YPOBH5I H THna: CJIOB H CJIO­ BOCO'ICTaHHM, 3HaMCHaTCJIbHhIX H CJI C6HbIX CJIOB. B ,Il,pymx CJIyqaHX 3Ha'ICHHe Mop<j:leMhI nepe,ll,aeTCH JICKCeMOM H Ha060poT (eI..IJ:eHH O,ll H3BeCTHhIM npHMep B. f. faKa: « Les chacals s'approchaient en rampant » - «lllaKaJIhI nO,ll,nOJI3aJIH» ). B TepMHHOJIOrHH .LQK. K3T­ <j:lop,ll,ape'Ih B nO,ll,06HhIX CJIyqa51x H,Il,eT 0 Me)l(­ ypOBHeBOM C,Il,BHre (unit shift).

11 ,Il,CMCTBHTeJIbHO, orpOMHoe 'lHCJIO ncpe­ BO,ll,HhIX COOTBeTCTBHM MO)l(HO nOJIyqHTb 6JIaro­ ,Il,apH ncpexo,ll,yOTHCXO,ll,HOrO BbICKa3bIBaHH5I, 'Iepe3 ero my6HHHyIO JIorH'IecKyIO CTpYKTYPY, K TaKOH nOBepxHocTHOH CTpYKTYPe Ha H3bIKe nepeBO,ll,a, B KOTOPOH nyCTh TpaHc<j:lopMHPo­ BaHHO, HO 6y,ll,YTnpe,ll,CTaBJIeHbI Bce peJIe­ BaHTHhIe 3JIeMeHTbI ceMaHTHKH HCXO,ll,HOH nOBepXHocTHOH CTpYKTYPhI.

Ho eCJIH BCPHyrbCH K COOTBCTCTBH5IM BbI­ CKa3hIBaHHIO "I'm good", TO 0 KaKOH 06I..HOIJ:­ CTH my6HHHoM CTpYKTYPhI, 0 KaKOM peKOM6HHaUHH ceM MO)KHO rOBopHTb, cpaBHHBaH OpHrHHaJI C nCpeBO,ll,aMH «)l,ocTaTO'IHO», «He OC06CHHO» , «HH'Iero» , « MHC BCe paB­ HO» , «51 CnpaBJIIOCb» , «qTO TbI» ? CJIO)KHO 06Hap Tb TaKyIO 06IUHOCTb Me)l(,ll,YBbICKa3hI­ BaHHHMH "We are good" H « MbI nOKa nOCJIYIIIaeM» HJIH Me)l(,ll,y''Are we good?" H «)l,oroBopcHHOCTb OCTaeTCH B CHJIc?».

BOT TaK cHryaUHSI

)l,JIH Toro, 'IT06bI YCTaHOBHTh 3KBHBa­

JIeHTHOCTb TaKHX BhIcKa3bIBaHHH, MbI ,Il,0JI)l(­

HbI BbIMTH Ha ypoBeHb CHTYaUHH, K KOTOPbIM

OHH OTHOCHTC5I. BJIHHHHe onHcbIBaeMoH B

13 B.f. [aK. PyCCKHH 1I3bIK B COIIOCTaBJIeHHH C tPpaH­ UY3CKHM. - M.: PyCCKHH 1I3bIK, 1975. C. 67.

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TeKCTe CMTYaUHlf « <npe):weTHOH 06CTaHOB­ KM») Ha BbI60p Cpe)1,CTB BblpruKeHIDIB nepeBO­

)1,e npO)1,eMOHCrpMPOBaJI ueJIbIH PM aBTOpOB, B TOM qMCJIe B.f. faK M 51.l1. PeUKep, HO HaM-

60JIee qeTKOe OCBemeHMe 3TOT BOnpOC nOJIY­ qMJI B TeOpMM 3KBMBaJIeHTHOCTM B.H. KOMMC­ CapOBa. IIocJIe)1,HMH He npOCTO yKa3aJI Ha He06xo)1,MMOCTb yqeTa peqeBOH CMTYaUMM, a oc060 Bbl)1,eJIMJI )1,Ba ypOBIUI, Ha KOTOPbIX MH­ <popMaUIDI 0 CMTYaUMM MO)KeT 6bITb nepe)1,aHa OT O)1,HOrO KOMMYHMKaHTa K )1,pyrOMY: 3TO ypOBeHb cnoco6a onHcaHWI CMTYaUMM M ypO­ BeHb H,lJ,eHTHcJlHKaIUlH CMTYaUMMI4.

Pa3rpaHMqeHMe 3TMX )1,Byx CMTYaTMBHbIX YPOBHeH nepeBO)1,a npe)1,CTaBJIHeTCH MHe 0)1,­ HMM M3 KpynHeHIIIMX )1,OCTl1)KeHMH B nepeBO­ )1,OBe)1,eHMM, KOTopoe, KaK HM napMOKCaJIbHO, OCTaeTCH, Ha MOH B3fJIM, nOKa He)1,OOueHeH­ HbIM KaK nepeBO)1,OBe)1,aMM, TaK M nepeBO)1,llM­ KaMM. 3KBMBaJIeHTHOCTb Ha ypOBHe cnoc06a onMcaHMH CMTYaUMM - 3TO KaK pa3 COOTBeT­ CTBMe B )1,yxe rpaHC<popMaUMOHHOH rpaMMa­ TMKM, KOr)1,a - 6Y)1,b TO C MCnOJIb30BaHMeM fJIyfiMHHOH CrpyKTYpbI, CeMaHTMlleCKoro MeTa­ H3bIKa MJIM 6e3 TaKOBbIX - nepeBO)1, BbICKa3bI­ BaHMH C03)1,aeTCH qepe3 TpaHC<popMaUMM MC­ XO)1,HOrO npe)1,JlO)KeHMH, npM KOTOPbIX ero ceMaHTMqeCKMe KOMnOHeHTbI MOryT nonyqaTb MHoe CMHTaKTMKo-rpaMMaTMqeCKOe BblpruKe­ HMe, HO no B03MO)K}fOCTM coxpaHHIOTCH (XOTH He MCKJllOqaeTCH MX qaCTMllHOe BapbMpOBa­ HMe, onymeHMe MJIM )1,06aBJIeHMe). IIpMMepa­ MM nepeBO)1,a BbICKa3bIBaHIDI "I'm good", BbI­ nOJIHeHHOro Ha 3TOM ypOBHe, 6y.l1,yT <ppa3bI «Y MeHH BCe XOpOllIO/HOPMaJIbHO» , «Y MeHH BCe B nOpH)1,Ke» , B KOTOPbIX npMMeHHeTCH MHaH, qeM B OpMrMHaJIe, CMHTaKCMqeCKaH crpyKTYpa M <pOPMaJIbHO BBO)1,MTCH )1,OnOJIHM­ TeJIbHbIH aKTaHT C 0606meHHbIM 3HaqeHMeM (eee), HO cy6'beKT M npe)1,MKaTMBHbIH npM3HaK MCXO)1,HOrO BblCKa3bIBaHMH nOJIyqalOT CBOM ceMaHTMqeCKMe COOTBeTCTBIDI:

I --+ (y) MeHSI

good --+ xopowo, HOPMCJ1bHO, B nopSlAKe

IIpM 3TOM nO)1,XO)1,e nepeBO)1,llMKY Ba)K}fee Bcero TO, KaKMe cymecTBeHHble 3JIeMeHTbI CM­ TYaUMM roBopHmMH M36paJI )J,JIH ee onMcaHIDI, M OH paCCqMTbIBaeT Ha TO, qTO M MHOH3bIllHOMY

14 B.H. KOMI1CCapOB. COBpeMeHHoe rrepeBOl1:0Bel1:e­

Hl1e. 2-e 11311:.,I1crrp. - M.: P.BaJleHT, 201 1 . C. 1 24- 1 29.

TaKOM CJIyqae OHM CIO)1,a npMIllJIM?). CTaJIO 6bITb, npaBMJIbHaH MH)1,eHTM<pMKaUMH CMTYa­ UMM rpe6yeT MHoro cnoc06a ee OnMCaHMH Ha H3bIKe nepeBO)1,a - cnoc06a, «OTopBaHHoro» OT <P0PMaJIbHbIX npe06pa30BaHMH OPMfM­ HaJIbHOH peTIJIMKM.

B nO)1,06HbIX CJIyqaHx OT HeKOTopbIX JIMpMqeCKM HacrpoeHHbIX «MCCJIe)1,OBaTeJIeH» nepeBO)1,a Hepe)1,KO MO)K}fO CJIbIIllaTb pacc ­ )1,eHMH 0 Ba)K}fOCTM nepe)1,aqM «)1,yxa» nO)1,JlMH­ HMKa, OTXO)1,a OT ero 6YKBbI PMM npOHMKHO­ BeHMH B ero cOKpoBeHHbIH CMbICJI M T.n. O)1,HaKO, eCJIM B3rAAHyTb Ha np06JIeMY C ce­ MMOTMqeCKOH TOqKM 3peHMH, ee MO)K}fO oxa­ paKTepM30BaTb 60JIee crporo: BblCKa3bIBaHMe (B COBOKynHOCTM ero nOBepXHocTHOH M fJIy6MHHOH CTpyKTYPbI, nJIaHa Bblpa)KeHMSI M TIJIaHa cO)1,ep)KaHMH) caMO no ce6e HBAAeTCSI 03HaqalOmMM, T.e. <pOPMOH, )J,JIH BHellIHero 03HaqaeMOrO - CMTYaUMM.

.LJ:pyrMMM CJIOBaMM, MMeeT MeCTO oHHoe 03Ha'IHBaHHe: MbI MMeeM HeKMH CJIO)KHbIH 3HaK, TIJIaHOM CO)1,ep)KaHMH KOToporo HBAAeT­ CH CMTYaUMH, nO)1,Jle)KamM M.l1,eHTM<pMKaUMM B 06meHMM, a TIJIaHOM BblpruKeHMH - BblCKa3bI­ BaHMe, ee onMCbIBalOmee. 3TO BblCKa3bIBa­ HMe, B CBOIO Oqepe)1,b, TaK)Ke npe)1,CTaBAAeT C060H )1,BYTIJIaHOBbIH 3HaK: ero TIJIaH CO)1,ep­ )KaHMH - fJIy6MHHM JIOrMKO-ceMaHTMqeCKM crpyKTYpa, a TIJIaH BblpruKeHMH - nOBepXHO­ CTHaH JIeKCMKO-CMHTaKCMqeCKM CTpYKTYpa.

fny6MHHM crpYKTYPa BbICKa3bIBaHMH He 06H3aTeJIbHO cOBnMaeT C onMCbIBaeMOH CMTY-