Mosti_2(30)_2011

ilpHMepOM TaKHX BCerrpOHHKaIOmHX :,me-

MeHTOB 5I3bIKOBOM CHCTeMbI PYCCKOfO 5I3bIKa, c?i KOTopbIe He BCef.11.HaxoMT ce6e .11.0JDKHbIe

3KBHBaJIeHTbI Ha aHrJIHMCKOM, 5IBJI5IIOTC5I Me­

CTOHMeHlUl-rrpHJIafaTeJIbHbIe (H rrpOCTO rrpH­

•JIafaTeJIbHbIe) «.11pyroM». , «pa3HbIM» , «HeKOTO-

PbIi1:», «CBOM» , «'IYXOM» H T.rr.

ilpe)l()J,e 'IeM 06Cy)I()1.aTb CJIOBO «.11pyrOM». ,

O.11HaKO,. HyxHO pa306paTbCSI co CJIOBOM

« O.lUlH» I . To eCTb KOf.11.«Oa.11.HH»- 3TO 'IHCJIH­ z:. TeJIbHOe, C HHM H TaK Bce 5ICHO. rOpa3.11.HHTe0­ ::25 peCHee, KOf.113TO.aCJIOBO O<pHII-HaJIbHOHa3blBa­ t::eTC5I MeCTOHMeHHeM, a Ha caMOM .11eJIe. OHO o apTHKJIb; HarrpHMep, B rrpe)1.JlO)l{eHHH: «3TY

CKa3KY MHe paCCKa3aJI OLIHH CTapHK» > Iheard

thisstoryfro m an oldman/ An oldman toldme this

story.2 A eCJIH pemcTp TeKCTa pa3foBopHo-<pa­ MHJIb5lPHbIM, B03MO)l{}lO H TaKoe: «Y MeH51 eCTb OLIHH Coce.11.,KOTOPOroy 6bma OLIHa rro.11.­ pyra - TaK OHa KpaCHJIa BOJIOCbI B 3eJIeHbIM

I.J,BeT» > I know this guy next door, he had this girlfriend: she used to dye her hair green. I1JIH

KOf.11.«Oa.11HH». - 3TO rrpHJIafaTeJIbHOe; TOf.11.a HMO B rrepeBO.11.Hae aHrJIHMCKHM pa3JIH'IaTb

TOHKHe KOHHOTaI.J,HOHHble orreHKH: «B CTa­ POCTH OH )l{HJI COBceM O.11HH». > In his old age,

he lived all alone (rre'IaJIbHo); « OH TaK YCTaJI OT wyMa H TOJIrrbI, 'ITO Me'ITaJI rrpOBeCTH OT­

rrYCK O.11HH». > He was so tired of noisy crowds that he wanted to spend his vacation all by himself

(HeHTpaJIbHo); «ilpe.11CTaBb. ce6e, OH c.11eJIaJI. BCIO 3TY pa60TY O.11HH!». > Just imagine, he did

all this work entirely on his own! (c fOP.110CTbIO./

BocxHmeHHeM).

1 fOpa3)l0 60JIee nO)lp06HO C 3TI1M lKe CJIOBOM C TOq­

KI1 3peHI1H aMepl1KaHlill ,npO)lOJ1JKalOll\eti OCBaI1BaTb PYCCKHti H3blK, pa306panaCb Capa.6Y3a)llK11cBoeti KO­ JIOHKe B ra3eTe " The Moscow News": http://themoscownews.com/russian tongue120I004261 55435 187.html

2 KCTaTI1, 3TO He e)lHHCTBeHHblti «Heonpe)leJIeHHblH apTI1KJ1b» B PYCCKOM H3blKe. TaKOH lKe CMblCJI I1MeeT He­ pe)l;KO BblpaJKeHHe «TOT HJ1H HHOH» - B JII060M pO)l;e, ql1CJIe 11 na)lelKe: «npeJI(Ae qeM HaqHHaTb COTpY)lHI1QeCT­

BO C TOti HJ1I1I1HOH KOMnaHl1eti, nOJIe3HO Y3HaTb 0 ee )le­ JIOBOH penYTaUI1H» > Before deciding to cooperate with q company, it is a good idea tofind out what sort of business reputation it has.

.D:a H C rrpOCTO MeCTOHMeHHeM B03MO)l{}lbI Oll1H6KH - Ha 3TOT pa3 B aHrJIO-PYCCKOM rre­

peBO.11e:.One reason I was late is that the car

broke down - 3TO He «*e.H:IHl6't'BellllMt rrpM'IM­ Ha» , a «O.11Ha. H3 rrpH'IHH» ; BHLIHMO, BCJIe.11. 3a 3THM 6Y.11eT.YKa3aHa .11pyra51. HJIM.11pyrMe. . BOT 0 «.11pyrHX». M rrofoBopHM.

Pa3JIM'IM5I B 3Ha'IeHHM H yrrOTpe6JIeHMH

.11BYX. aHfJIMMCKHX 3KBMBaJIeHTOB PYCCKOfO

«.11pyroib. - another H (the) other - rrO.11p06HO. M

y6e.11MTeJIbHO. orrHcaHbI B JII060M rpaMMaTM­ 'IeCKOM CrrpaBOQHMKe. ilepBbIM M3 HHX 03Ha­ 'IaeT, HeCKOJIbKO yrrpoma51, «eme O.11MH. TaKoM )l{e, KaK H rrpe.11bmymHM». (I'll have another

piece of cake, please. Tomorrow is another day),

a BTOPOM - «BTOPOM H3 .11Byx». (B KaQeCTBe rrpHMepa B03bMeM rraM51THOe C .11.eTCTBaMeCTO

H3 «ToMa COMepa» : " T hen Marygot out a suit of his clothing that had been used only on Sundays during two years - they were simply called his 'other clothes' - and so by that we know the size of his wardrobe. ") . KCTaTH, HMeHHO " (the)

Other" <pHrypHpyeT BO MHomx paCCy)I()1.eHH5IX <pHJIoco<poB, rrCHXOJIoroB H COI.J,HOJIOroB B

3HaQeHHH «.D:pyroM» , TO eCTb «He-51» . 3aTPY ­

.11.

HeHHM B yrroTpe6JIeHHH 3THX .11Byx. aHfJIHM­ CKHX MeCTOHMeHHM 06bI'IHO He B03HHKaeT. Ho CTOHT C.11eJIaTb. waf .11aJIbIlle,. H OKa3bIBaeT­ C5I, 'ITO HHOCTpaHI.J,bI He BCef.11.Oa eTJIHBO rrpe.11.CTaBJISIIOTce6e, KaK CKa3aTb rrO-aHfJIHM­ CKH «Ka'IeCTBeHHO .11.pyroM/HHOM» - different. («oH6JIHOTeKapb, .11aMTe. MHe eme O.11HY.KHHry.

- BaM TaKYIO )l(e (HanpUMep, eUl,e OOUH /1I060e­ HblUpOMaH)? - HeT, .11PyryIO. (HanpUMep, oemeIC­ mue).» > "Miss, I'd like another book." "Same kind?" "No, a different one. ")

Different 3HaKOMO BceM B 3Ha'IeHHH «Pa3HbIM/ .11pyroM/. He TaKOM, KaK (KaKoM-TO» ). Ho CJIO)l{}lOCTb B TOM, 'ITO PYCCKoe «pa3Hbui» - He TOJIbKO different. 3TO aHfJIHMCKOe CJIOBO YMeCTHO, KOf.11.H3a Y3KOfO HJIH WHPOKOfO KOHTeKCTa 5ICHO, OT 'Iero OTJIH'IaeTC5I (c 'IeM pa3JIH'IaeTC5I) yrroMHHaeMbIM rrpe.11MeT. . « <Y Hac C HHM pa3Hble MHeHH5I» . > We hold different opinions; «Y Hero 6bmo MHOro rrO.11pyxeK,. HO 3Ta He TaKa5l, KaK .11pyrHe». . > He's had lots of

girlfriends but this girl is different (= better).)

KOf.11.CMbICJIa PYCCKOfO «pa3HbIM» He B OTJIH­ 'IH5IX, a B pa3Hoo6pa3HH HJIH IllHpOTe BbI6opa,

TaKOM l1e)l.aHTH3M BCl'pe'IaeTCH B HayqHoM IDIH

C 0<pHUHaJIbHOM pe'IH, Hal1pHMep, B )l.oKJIMaX

Ha KOH<pepeHUHHX. Me)K)J,)' BapHaHTaMH C yet

H still cymecTBeHHbIX pa3Jm'IHM HeT. C6HB-

I1IHCb co C'IeTa, MO)f(HO, pa3)'MeeTCH, B J1I060M

MOMeHT CKa3aTb: one more element/ a further

element...

HeO)l.H03Ha'IHO l1epe)l.aeTCH Ha aHfJIHMC­

KOM H HeOl1pe)l.eJIeHHOe MeCTOHMeHHe «HeKO-

8 roPbIii»OHO. MO)l(eT 6bITb MeCTOHMeHHeM­

cymecTBHTeJIbHbIM, H I1PH 3TOM BbIpa)l(aTb

HeCKOJIbKO HefaTHBHoe HJIH HpOHH'IeCKOe

OTHOllleHHe fOBopHlUero K Ha3bIBaeMoM rpyn­ t- l1e JIIO)l.eM « <HeKoTOpbIe COBepllleHHO He 110-

HHMaIOT, 'ITO Ba)l(HO, a 'ITO Hen) > Certain

people simply don't understand what matters and

what doesn't). liHOf)l.a - KOf)l.a pe'Ib H)l.eT 0 KO­ JIH'IeCTBe I1pe)l.MeTOB IDIH 0 lIOJIe B COCTaBe ueJIoro - OHO COOTBeTcTByeT aHfJIHMCKOMY

some, TO)l(e HeOl1pe)l.eJIeHHOMY MeCTOHMe­ HHIO, H TO)l(e CI10C06HOMY 3aHHMaTb KaK 1103HUHIO I1pIDIaraTeJIbHOfO, TaK H cymecTBH­ TeJIbHoro. « <HeKoTopbIe JII06HT l1epeu, a

HeKOTopbIe Hen) > Some like pepper, and some

don't; « HeKoTopbIe CJIOBa B 3al1HCKe MHe He y)l.aJIOCb npO'leCTb» > I could not read some of the words in the note). KOf)l.a )I(e pe'Ib H)l.eT 0 Ka'IeCTBe, TO eCTb KOf)l.a K COOTBeTCTBYIOlUeMY 'lJIeHYpYCCKoro I1peMO)l(eHHH XO'IeTCH 3MaTb BOI1POC He «KTO/'ITO HMeHHO?» IDIH«KOTOPbIM HMeHHO?» , a «KaKOM (KaKo6) HMeHHO?» , CJIe­ )l.yeTYI10l'pe6HTb aHfJIHMCKOe certain, KOTopoe HHOf)l.a B BbICKa3bIBaHHH )l. e HeceT Ha ce6e y)l.apeHHe: «51 eM TOJIbKO HeKOTopbIe copTa

PbI6bI (HanpUMep, mOllbKo MOPCKYIO UJlUmOllbKO HeJlCupHYIO)>> > I only eat certain kinds offish.

ilpH'IeM BapHaUHH B CTeneHH BbIp eHHOCTH Ka'IeCTBa TO)l(e nepe)l.aIOTCH CJIOBOM certain (6e3Y)l.apHbIM): «B efO fOJIOCe 3ByqaJIa HeKO­ TopaH XOJIO)l.HOCTb» > There was a certain coldness in his voice. ilOCJIe)l.Hee 3Ha'IeHHe no-pyccKH TaK)l(e, K OfOp'IeHHIO TOHKHX ue­ HHTeJIeM PYCCKOro CTHJIH, HHOf)l.a nepe)l.aeTCH CJlOBOM «onpe.lleJIeHHbIiI»:. «Y MeHH eCTb Ha 3TOT C'IeT HeKoTopbIe/ onpe.lleJIeHHbIe. COMHe­ HHH» . C HHM TO)l(e o 6bITb BHHMaTeJlb­ HbIM: «ol1pe)l.eJleHHbIM» MO)l(eT HMeTb He TOJIb­ KO TaKoe BOT «CJIy)I(e6Hoe» , HO H 110JIHOBeCHoe

JleKCH'leCKOe 3Ha'leHHe, KOTopoe 6Y)l.eT l1epe­ )l.aBaTbCH ueJlbIM PMOM CJlOB - 6J1H3KHX H OT­ )l.aJIeHHbIX CHHOHHMOB:

-orrpe)'l;eJIeHHbltiapTUKJIb > the definite article

-orrpe)'l;eJIeHHblti OTBeT> a definite/ final/ conclusive/ unambiguous/ unequivocal answer

-orrpe)'l;eJIeHHblti BbIBO)'l; > a final/ solidi undisputed/ irrefutable/ unequivocal conclusion

-(B) orrpe)'l;eJIeHHOe BpeWJ > (at) the appointed/ fixed time

-orrpe)'l;eJIeHHblti 3apa6oToK > fixed earnings/ a fixed wage

-orrpe)'l;eJIeHHblti rrOPMOK )'l;eticTBHti > set/ fixed/ definite procedure

-6e3 onpen;eJIeHHoti ueJIH/ npWIHHbI > for no particular/ specific reason

-6e3 onpen;eJIeHHbIX 3aHHTHti > [apparently) unoccupied/ unemployed/ idle/ not working anywhere

-6e3 onpen;eJIeHHoro MeCTa )!(llTeJIbCTBa > homeless

Ka3aJIOCb 6bI, 'ITO MO)l(eT 6bITb HeI10HHT­ HOfO B CJlOBe 3To JIIOMM, ll3yqaIO­ IUHM PYCCKHM jl3bIK KaK HHOCl'paHHbIM, He­ JlerKO 6bIBaeT 110HHTb, 3a'IeM OHO Hy)l(HO, KOf)l.a HapMY"C HHM I1peKpaCHO cymecTBYIOT MeCTOHMeHHH «MOM» , «TBOM», «efo» , «Halll» , «HX» H Bce npO'IHe, a HaM, HOCHTeMM pyc­ CKoro jl3bIKa, C MJIMeH'leCTBa HHCTHHKTHBHO HCHO, 'ITO OHO 3aMeHjleT I1pHTH)I(aTeJIbHOe MeCTOHMeHHe, COOTHOCHMoe C 6JIH)I(aHIllHM K HeMY B TeKCTe cymecTBHTeJIbHbIM IDIHJIH'l­ HbIM MeCTOHMeHHeM, 06bI'IHO nOMe)l(alUHM - "pH'leM 3aMeHa 3Ta B 60JlblllHHCTBe CJIyqaeB 06jl3aTeJIbHa (<<OH OTKPbW eM CBoe cep.llue». (a He «*eI'e cep)l.ue»). BOT 110-aHfJIHHCKH, Ha060POT, o ynOPHO, He 60HCb TaBTOJIOfHH H H36bITO'IHOCTH, paCCTaBMTb I1pHTH)I(aTeJIb­ HbIe MeCTOHMeHHH KO BceM CJIOBaM, 0603Ha­ 'IaIOIUHM 'IaCTH TeJla H )l. e 3JIeMeHTbI O)l.e)l(­

)l.bI 'leJlOBeKa: He shrugged his shoulders and stuck his hands in his pockets. Ii He 3MaBaTb

ce6e BOI1POCbI BpO)l.e: A 'IbHMH elUe I1JIe'laMH, KpOMe CBOHX, OH MOf 6bI 110)l(aTb, H 'IbH PYKH KY)l.a-JIH60 3aCYHYTb? Ii B 'IbH KapMaHbI, KpO­ Me CBOHX c06CTBeHHbIX (IDIH 3TO 6bwa 6bI CO­ BceM )l.pyraH HCTOPHjl)?

HHorna OCTaeTCSI rrpOCTO rrO)l(aJIeTb, 'ITO B aHfJIHHCKOM Sl3bIKe HeT TaKOrO Y)l06HOrO H YHHBepCaJIbHOrO CJIOBa, He pa3JIHqaIOIIJ,erOCSI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pOLl.a H qHCJIa 3aMeHSleMoro cy6beKTa, KaKpyccKoe «CBOH» . OHO 6bI OqeHb npHroLl.HJIOCb TaM, oc06eHHO B cHryallHSlx, KOrLl.a roBopSlIIJ,eMY HJlH rrHlIIyIIJ,eMY rrpHXO­ ,llHTC5I Ll.eJIaTb TaKOH BbI60p rroLl. BJlHSlHHeM «reH.uepHoro IDaKTopa» . HarroMHHM CYTb np06JIeMbI: B aHfJIHHCKOM Sl3bIKe C HeKOTO­ PbIX nop He rrpHBeTcTByeTcSI - H )laxe 3arrpe­ maeTC5I! - HCrrOJIb30BaHHe MeCTOHMeHHH M)')KCKoro pOLl.a (he, his, him, himself) B 3Haqe­ HHH 06I1J,ero pOLl.a, TO eCTb B KaqeCTBe 3aMeHbI o.uyrneBJIeHHOrO CyIIJ,eCTBHTeJIbHOrO, 0603Ha­ qaIOIIJ,ero He KOHKpeTHoro HHY, a JIHIIO JIl060ro HJIH HeYKa3aHHoro rrOJIa. HarrpHMep, npH nepeBO)le C PYCCKOro: «CryLl.eHT 06S13aH C,llaTbCBOIO KYPCOBYIO pa60ry CBoeMY HayqHo­

MY PYKOBOLl.HTeJIIO He MeHee qeM 3a MeCSlII Ll.0

CBoeH 3aIlJ,HTbI» - HeJIb3S1, KaK KOrna-TO rrpe­

)K,lle,CKa3aTb * The student is to submit Iw.r term paper to Iw.r supervisor at least a month prior to

hif1 viva presentation, TaK KaK 3TO TPe60BaHHe, HeCOMHeHHO, OTHOCHTCSI He TOJIbKO K cryLl.eH­ TaM-IOHOlIIaM, HO H K cryLl.eHTKaM-Ll.eBYIIIKaM. BbIXOLl.bI H3 3TOH 3aTPYLl.HHTeJIbHOM cHryallHH npe.IJ.JIaraIOTCSI KaKHe-TO He CJIHlIIKOM 3JIe­ raHTHbIe: JIH60 HCrrOJIb30BaTb « r rOJIHTKOP­ peKTHoe» Ll.BOHHOe MeCTOHMeHHe «his or her» (<<his/her») (rrorrp06YMTe BCTaBHTb ero TPH pma rrOLl.PM B OLl.HO rrpeMO)l(eHHe B 3TOM npHMepe!), JIH60, rrepem6aSI rraJIKY B 06paT­ HOM HarrpaBJIeHHH, Ha3bIBaTb JIIOLl.eM JII060ro

nOJIa «she» , «her» : A typ ical American keeps all her money in her bank; she hardly has any cash in her wallet: only plastic cards. < «THrr HbIM

aMepHKaHru )lep)l(l1T Bce CBOH Ll.eHbrH B 6aH­ Ke; B KOlIIeJIbKe Y Hero rrOqTH HeT HaJIHqHbIX, O)lHH IlJIaCTHKOBbIe KapTbI» . IIO)l(arryH,HaH60JIee YLl.06HbIM H rapMOHHqHbIM rrpHeMOM, nOMOraIOIIJ,HM rrpeO)lOJIeTb 3ry CJIO)l(HOCTb, MO)l(HO rrpH3HaTb rrepeBO)l JII060ro aHfJIHM­ CKOro BbICKa3bIBaHHSI C cy6'beKTOM 06I1J,ero pO)la BO MHO)l(eCTBeHHoe 'IHCJIO, rLl.e reH)lep­ HbIH <paKTOp He BblpaxeH; rrpHqeM Ll.eJIaTb 3TO MO)l(HO H C CepeLl.HHbI BbICKa3bIBaHHSI, OCTa­ BHB rrOMe)l(aIlJ,ee B eLl.HHCTBeHHOM qHCJIe:

Every student is to submit their term paper to their

supervisor at least a month prior to their viva :3

«rrpHHaMe)l(aIlJ,HM YKmaHHoMY JIHIIY HJIH JIH­ lIaM» (B rrpSIMOM CMbICJIe HJIH B rrepeHOCHOM):

-EM He Ha,JJ;OCHHMaTb KBapTIfpy B JIOH.llOHe, y Hee TaM CBOM .1l:0M. > She does not need to rent a place in London, she owns a house there.

-Y Hero CB05I KOMnaHH5I (= OH BJIa,JJ;eJIeu). > He is in business for himself/ He runs a company/ He is a businessman.

-MbI CnpaBHJIIfCb CBOIfMIf CHJIaMIf. > We did it all on our own.

-OH He 3apa60TaJI, HO If He nOTepSIJI .1l:eHbfIf Ha ::nOM onepaUIfIf - OCTaJICH npl1 CBOIfX. > He neither made a profit nor sustained a loss from this operation, but managed to break even.

-KlDK,ll0MY - CBoe > to each, his own (am Aa­ mUHC/c020: suum cuique)

qacTo «CBOH» OrrpeLl.eAAeTCSI OTPHllaTeJIb­ HbIM 06pa30M: KaK «He KYIIJIeHHbIH» , «He 3aeM­ HbIH» , «He HaHSlTbIH Ha CTopOHe» H T.rr., H Ha­ PSlLl.Y C BbIpaxeHHSlMH CO CJIOBOM «CBOM» B03MO)l(HbI H )lpyrHe CHHOHHMH'IHbIe pYCCKHe BapHaHTbI cooTBeTcTBYIOIIJ,HX HaHMeHoBaHHM:

own capital (= c06cTBeHHbIM), in-house lawyer

(= lIITaTHbIM), homemade cheese (= CaMOLl.eJIb­

HbIM), homegrown vegetables (= co CBoero oro­

p0Ll.a) H T.rr.

Pa3Ho06pa3Hblx rrepeBOLl.qeCKHX pelIIe­ HHH MO)l(eT rrOTPe60BaTb BbIpaxeHHe «3a CBOH CqeT», HarrpHMep, «OTrryCK 3a CBOM CqeT» > unpaid leave; «rrHTaHHe 3a CBOH CqeT» > paying

forfood oneself /"Board not provided" (He rry­

TaTb C «Ha CBOM CqeT» : « He rrpHHHMaMTe 3TH

CJIOBa Ha CBOM CqeT» > Don't take these remarks

I;;Spersonally). BblpIDKeHIDI co CJIOBOM «CBOW»

BCTPe'IalOTCSI TaIOKe rrpH 06C)')K,lI;eHHH pa3-

::z:

JIH'lHblX Hrp, CnOPTHBHblX H He TOJIbKO: «Hrpa Ha CBoeM nOJIe) > home game; «rOJI B CBOH BO­

pOTa» > own goal; «CBOW llIap» (B 6HJIMlp.n;e) >cue ball H .n;p. TeJIeBH3HOHHaSI BHKTOpHHa

• «CBOSI Hrpa» - 3TO JIHueH3HoHHblii BapHaHT

.- aMepHKaHcKoii "Jeopardy!"

060POT «nO-CBoeMY» MHoro3Ha'leH. Y He- 6' ro eCTb CTepToe, cyry60 <PYHKUHOHaJIbHOe

B ynOTPe6JIeHHe: OH oCJIa6JIS1eT 3Ha'IeHHe onpe­ '"

i:!. .n;eJIeHIDI HJIH HMeHHoro CKalyeMoro, PMOM C

25 KOTOPbIM CTOHT (<<OHa nO-CBOeMY npaBa» >

I- She's right, in a sensei in a way/ in a manner of

\....'

o speaking/ after a fashion). Ho HHor.n;a 3Ha'le-

:c HHe y Hero, Ha060pOT, nOJIHOBeCHoe H BeCbMa CHJIbHoe: «Jl c.n;eJIaJI rrO-CBoeMY/ HaCTOSIJI Ha

CBoeM ) > Idid it/ had it ' (npH'leM "my"

y.n;apHoe, H He TOJIbKO B neCHe B HCrrOJIHeHHH <l>P3HKa CHHaTPbl). HeCKOJIbKO 60JIee JIYKa­ BblW CMblCJI 3aJIO}I(eH B aHfJIHWCKOM BblpIDKe­ HHH

way/style/manner - 3)],eCb no.n;palYMeBaeTCSI, 'ITO 3TOT «CBOW c06CTBeHHblW» crroc06 .n;eJIaTb 'ITO-TO MO}I(eT pacxo.n;HTbCSI C 06menpHHSlTbl­ MH rrOHSlTIDIMH 06 3TOM .n;eJIe, a TO H nOJIHO­ CTblO rrpoTHBOpe'lHTb HM: I suppose Steve loves

Mary, in his own (unique) way - ifyou consider beingjealous and startingfights as aform of love.

HaH60JIbllIHe TPY)],HOCTH )J,JISI rrepeBo.n;a rrpe.n;cTaBJISlIOT KOHTeKCTbI, r.n;e «cBoii» - no «6JIH3KHW», «pO.n;HOW», «rrOCBSlmeHHbIii», «He nOCTopOHHHW» H T.rr. B PYCCKHX BblCKalblBa­ HHSIX rrpH nOM CJIOBO «CBOW» HeCeT Ha ce6e y.n;apeHHe H MblCJIHTCSI He KaK MeCTOHMeHHe, a KaK rrpHJIaraTeJIbHOe, a TO H cymeCTBHTeJIbHoe. 11 BOT 3)1.eCb KaKPal HHKaKHe BaPHaHTbl rrepe­ Bo.n;a H3 rrepe'lHCJIeHHblX BblllIe He rro.n;oH.n;yr, rrpH)J,eTCSI HCKaTb COBceM .n;pyme. KaK Bcer.n;a, rrepeBo.n;qHKY CJIe.n;yeT yqHTblBaTb CMblCJI KOH­ KpeTHoro KOHTeKCTa H rrOJIb30BaTbCSI BceM Pal­ Ho06palHeM pecypCOB rrepeBOMmero Sl3bIKa:

-6bITb CBORM r.lle-To/cpe.llRKOro-TO > to feel at home with somebody/ to belong somewhere/ to belong to a group, etc. (e.g. Sports fans like to wear something like a uniform: it gives them a sense of belonging.)

-YqeHoMY Y.llanOCb CTaTb CBOMM cpe.llH'lJIe­ HOB nneMeHM. > The explorer managed to win the trust ofthe natives.

_.1.>_

3,

-cpe.llMCBOMX > among friends/ in a close circle/ among familiar faces

-«CBOR qeJIOBeK)}: OH - CBOR qeJIOBeK B MRpe nOJIMTMKH. > He is an insider in/of the political world.

-51 He npOTMB, qT06bI 6pareu )bKOH ::lTOCJIbI­

>I don't mind my brotherwan, OH CBOR qeJIOBeK.

John hearing it, he's family.

- wyrKa «.llJUI CBOUX)}> an "in" joke/ in-joke/ inside joke

Hy H, palYMeeTCSI, eme O.n;HO 3Ha'leHHe MecToHMeHIDI-cymecTBHTeJIbHoro «CBOH ) (BO MHO}I(eCTBeHHOM 'IHCJIe) - «BoiicKa cBoew CTOPOHbI», B OTJIH'lHe OT rrpoTHBHHKa: friendly

forces/ one's ownforces:

-nonaCTb no.llo6cTPeJI CBoeR apTIDIJIepMH > to be caught in/ come under friendly artillery fire

-BblRTM R3 OKpyxeHIDI K CBOMM > to break out ofencirclement to join one's own forces

-CTOit! KTO M.n;eT? - CBOM! > "Halt! Who goes there?" - ':.\friend."

-(paoUO/lOlCau,uoHHOJl) CMcreMa on03HaBaHMSi «CBOit - 'i}')Koii» > identification, friend or foe (IFF)

Y CJIOBa «qylKOH» , aHTOHHMa «CBoero» , HaCTOJIbKO pa3Hble 3Ha'ieHIDI, 'ITO B aHrJIHW­ CKOM Sl3bIKe OHH .n;IDKe He paCCMaTPHBalOTCSI KaK CHHOHHM I. Bo-rrepBbIX, «qyxoii» MO}I(eT 03Ha'IaTb «He rrpHHa.n;JIexamHii K .n;aHHOMY 'IeJIOBe'IeCKOMY co06meCTBY; rrpHllIJIbIW, rrpHe3}I(HW; HHOCTPaHeu», H 3.n;eCb y aHfJIHW­ CKoro Sl3bIKa HaroToBe ueJIaSl raMMa CJIOB, rre­ pe.n;alOmHX TOHKHe CMbICJIOBble, a HHor.n;a H IOpH)J,H'IeCKHe OTTeHKH:

-strange - He3HaKOMbIit co 3.lleWHRMH JIIO.llb­ MH H 06bI'lMMH (0 rtetl08elCe) (CYU{. stranger); OT­

.ZJ;aneHHbIitH HHoit, 'ieM c06cTBeHHbIit (0 Mecme, R3bllCe M m.n.): He is a stranger in these parts. He has spentyears in strange lands, eating strangefood and adapting to strange ways of thepeople there.

-foreign - npoMcxoMIUMit H3 .llpyroro rocy­

.llapCTBa, HHocTpaHHbIit (cyU{. foreigner): An English family spending their holiday in France refused to recognize that they were the "foreigners" there and insisted on using the word about the French.

-alien - 1. nOMaHHbIit .llpyroro rocY.llapcTBa, He HMelOIUHH rpIDK,llaHCTBaCTPaHbI npe6blBa­ HIDI: "I'm an alien, I'm a legal alien - // I'm an

Englishman in New York" (Sting). Once naturalized (= nOllyrtU6 ZpaJICOaHcm80) in the new country,

a person stops being an alien butremains aforeigner.

2.HecBoHcTBeHHbIH, 'I)')K,UbIH: it's alien to mel tomy way 0/ thinking

3.IfHormaHenlHIfH

BTopoe 3Ha'IeHHe CJIOBa «'I)')KOH» - «npH­ HlI,lI)Ie)l(alll}IH)J;pyroMY» - He HMeeT O)J;HO­ CJIOBHOrO aHmHHCKoro COOTBeTCTBIDI. llPH­

XO)J,IfTC5I roBOPMTb somebody else's, another's, otherpeople's, not mine (yours, his, her, etc.):

- I must have picked up somebody else's hat, mine was different.

-"Thou shalt not commit adultery" means you are not to make love to another man's wife.

-Swindlers like to operate with other people's money - but then, so do bankers.

Oc06eHHo TPY)J;HO C nepeBo)J;oM CJIOBa «'!y)KOH» B 3MOUHOHaJIbHOM 3Ha'IeHMH «He-

rrpe,llT060IO; IIHM TBOH npHBeT, HM TBOH YKOP // He BJIaCTHbI Ha,IlMoeH .uyrnOIO./I 3HaH: MbIC 3THX nop» (JIepMoHmoe).) I1HOr,lI,a 3)J,eCb BbIpyqaIOT Te )J(e strangel stranger HJIM alien, HHor)J;a HaXOMTC5I 60JIee HeO)J(H)J;aHHble BapHaHTbI:

-He OTKpbIBaM: ,llBepb 'ry)K11MJIIOMM. > Do not open the door to strangers.

-PO,llHble 6pocwm ee, If OHa ,llOlKHBaJIa CBOM: BeK B q OM ,llOMe. > Her family abandoned her and she finished herdays in the house ofstrangers.

-):\,.ID! CBOHX 60raTblxKY3eHOB OH Bcer,llaOCTa­ BaJICH 'ry)K11M. > Among his rich cousins he always remained an outsider.

-MaTb ,llep)I(aJIa ce6H C HIfM XOJIO,llHO, KaK qy­ )!Gill>.He had a cold, emotionally distant mother.

-OH neqaTaeT JII060BHble pOMaHbI no,ll 'ry)K11M HMeHeM. > He publishes romance novels under an assumed name.

-BceKo eHO, MbITenepbjJ;PyrjJ;Pyry'I)')IGfe!> We're through!! We're history! (pa32.)

II

Ho )J;OBOJIbHO 0 npHJIaraTeJIbHbIX M )J;a)I(e o MeCTOMMeHIDIX. llOroBOPMM JIyqIIIe 0 ma­ roJIax - 0 maroJIax, B nepeBo)J;e B03HMKaIO­ IUHX«M3 HMqero» M MC'Ie3aIOIIlMX «6e3 cJIe,n:a», H )J,ax<e 0 maroJIax, TpaHC<popMHPyIOIIlHXC5I B... apTMKJIM. Cpe,n:M maroJIOB TO)J(e eCTb He­

BH)J,HMKM, H B nepBYIO O'Iepe,lI,b 3TO PYCCKMM marOJI «CTaTb».

c::s«TaHHOe 3HaHHe» ,llaeTCSI ,llapOM, OIlIHfioK MbI

3,lleCb He ,lleJIaeM - no KpaHHeH Mepe, nOKa

caMH roBOPHM Ha PYCCKOM Sl3bIKe, a He nepe­

BO,llHM Ha Hero.

nOHafiJIIO,llaeM CHaqaJIa 3a OPHfHHaJIb­ ::so::HbIM aHrJIHHCKHM TeKCTOM H TeM, 'ITO nony-

•qHTCSI B nepeBO,lle. BOT npHMep: "After more

6' steam engine. " nO-pYCCKH 3,lleCb Heofixo,llHMO

rY"I CKa3aTb: «pe3YJIbTaToM... cmaJla napOBaSI Ma-

;:::;

z:0' IIIHHa BaTTa» - HMeHHO TaK B PYCCKOM Sl3bIKe 25 BblpIDKaeTCSI HH<pOpManHSl He npOCTO 0 B3a- t; HMHOH nOCJIe,llOBaTeJIbHOCTH, HO H 0 pe3YJIb­ o TaTHBHOCTH ,lleHCTBHH. ROJIee TOfO, PYCCKHH

L:Sl3bIK qeTKO OTCne)KHBaeT ,llIDKeHe ,llBe, a TpH TOqKH Ha lllKaJIe pe3YJIbTaTHBHocrn: «fibIDO» - «CTaJIO» - «OKa3aJIOCb» (KIDK,llaSI H3 n03HUHH, pa3YMeeTCSI, MO:>KeT fibITb peaJIH30BaHa uenbIM PMOM CHHOHHMwqHbIX rJIarop:oB). B aHmHHC­ KOM, KaK MbI BH,llHM, roBopSlmHH/nHlllynI.HH MO:>KeT BOBce He HcnbITbIBaTb nOTpefiHOCTH 3KCllJIHUHTHO Bblpa3HTb pe3ynbTaTHBHOCTb B CTpYKTYPe mafOJIbHoro cKa3yeMoro. Ho UPH nepeBO,lleHa PYCCKHH Sl3bIK KOHTpaCT Me)l(JlY CTeneHSlMH «COBepllleHHOCTH» ,lleHCTBHSI HY:>K­ HO HenpeMeHHO yqHTbIBaTb, ocofieHHO KOf,lla peqb H,lleT 0 nepe,llaqe npwqHHHO-CJIe,llCTBeH­ HbIX oTHollleHHH. BOT eme rrpHMep:

-Southwest Airlines is one of the most considerate employers in its industry: it was the

only American airline not to lay people off after

September IItho The year after that, the company received 120,000 applicants for 3,000 jobs, and

was the only sizeable American airline to make a profit. >

ABHauHOHHWI KOMnaHHSI «SouthwestAirlines» - O.nHH H3 caMbIX 3a60TJIHBhIX pa6oTo.naTeJIeH B cBoeH OTpaCJIH. 31'0 6blJIa e.nHHCTBeHHWI aMe­ pHKaHcKWI aBHaKOMnaHHSI, KOTOPWI He COKpa­ THJIa WTaT CBOHX CJIyxaIIl.HX nOCJIe C06bITHH 1 1 ceHTH6pH. Ha CJIe.nYIOIIIHH.ro.n Ha 3anOJIHe­ HHe 3 ThICH'! BaKaHCHH 6bIJIO no.naHO 120 ThICH'! 3W1BJIeHHH, a KOMnaHHSI CTana e.nHHCTBeHHhIM KpynHhIM aBHanepeB03'!HKOM B CIlIA, KOTOPbIH 3aBepWM ro.n C npH6blJIbIO.

nepeBO,ll*«KoMnaHHSI 9btit& e,llHHCTBeH­ HblM aBHanepeB03qHKOM, KOTOPbIH 3aBepIIIHJI ro,ll CnpHfibIDbIO» , fibIJI fibI HerrpHeMJIeM, TaK

KaK B TaKOM cnyqae MbI roBOPHJIH fibI ofi OT­ ,llenbHOM caMOCTOSITeJIbHOM SlBJleHHH B :>KH3HH KOMnaHHH, a He 0 pe3ynbTaTax ee nOJIHTHKH 3afiOTbI 0 Cny:>KaIUHX. Ronee TOro, nepeBOJl'lHK fibl MOfH3fipaTbTaKTHKY eme fionee peJIbe<pHo­ fO BbmeneHHSI aCneKTHbIX (a C HHMH H MO,llaJIb­ HbIX) oTHollleHHH, npeJlJlO)KHB, K npHMepy, TaKoH nepeBO,ll:

[...] 31'0 6bIJIa e.nHHCTBeHHWI aMepHKaHCKWI aBI1aKOMnaHHSI, KOTOPWI He CTana COKpawaTb IIITaTCBOHX cnyxaIIl.HX nocne C06bITHH 1 1 ceHTH6pH. Ha cne.nyroIIl.HH ro.n.1lJlH3aIIOJIHeHHSI3 TbICH'I BaKaHCHH KOMnaHHSI Morna BhI6npaTh H3 120ThI­ CH'I KaH.llHtlaTOB, nO,llaBWHX3W1BJIeHHSI, H OHa CTaJIa e,llHHCTBeHHhIM KpynHbIM aBHanepeB03'!H­ KOM B CIlIA,KOTOPOMY ynanocb 3aBepWHTb ro,ll C npH6bIJIblO.

K KJIaccy d>a3HcHbIX fnafOJIOB, HapSlJlY C fnafOJIOM «CTaTb», nHHfBHCTbI OTHOCSIT «HaqaTb», «rrpHHSlTbCSI» , «rrpO,llOn:>KRTb» , «KOH'lHTb» , «nepeCTaTb» H U;eJIbIH PM ,llpyrHX. 3TH fnaronbI HCnOJIb3YIOTCSI He caMOCTOSl­ TeJIbHO, a B COqeTaHHH C HH<pHHHTHBOM nIOfioro ,llpyrOfO rronH03HaqHOfO maroJIa He­ COBepllleHHoro BH,lla, ofipa3YSl cBoero pO,lla aHaJIHTHqecKYIO rnarOnbHYIO KOHCTpYKUHIO, rrepe,llaIOIUYIOBH,llOBble 3HaqeHHSI C OTTeHKOM B03HHKHOBeHHSI. nOOllOJI)l(eHHSI HJIH rrpeKoa­ llleHHSI (TO eCTb d>a3b1) lleHCTBHSI-SlBJleHHSl5• 3T0 n03BOJISleT BblSlBJISlTb ropa3,ll0 fioJIeeTOH­ KHe OTTeHKH aCneKTHbIX H npoueccyaJIbHbIX OTHOllleHHH, qeM npOCTO 3aBepIlleHHocTb/He3aBepllleHHOCTb, nepe,llaBaeMaSI npH rrOMOmH pYCCKoro rpaMMaTHqeCKOrO BH,lla. AHmHH­ CKHH Sl3b1KpacnOJIaraeT He MeHblllHM qHCJIOM maronOB, BblrrOJIHSlIOmHX CXO,llHble <PYHKUHH:

to start/ begin/ commence/ set about/ undertake/ initiate; to go on/ carry on/ continue/ maintain/ go ahead; to end/ finish/ stop/ conclude/ terminate/ cease/ discontinue/ halt/ wind up H

TaK ,llaJIee, TO eCTb He,llOCTaTKa B BapHaHTax JlJISI nepeBO,llaHeT. <l>a3HcHbIH KOMnOHeHT 3HaqeHHSI MO:>KeT npHCYTCTBOBaTb H B mafO­ ne/marOJIbHOH KOHCTpYKI..J;HHnIOfioH ,llpyrOH CeMaHTHKH. B (<<CHHTeTwqeCKOM») PYCCKOM Sl3b1Ke qaCTO OCHOBHoe JIeKcwqeCKoe 3HaqeHHe

5 KpaTKH cnpaBO'!HHK no COBpeMeHHOMY PYC­ CKOMY H3h1KY.TIo,n pe,n. TI.A. JIeKaHTa. M., 1991, C. 345.

'1,.

nepeJJ;aeTCJ.I KopHeM, a <pa3HCHOe - rrpHCTaB­ KOH «<3aIIen» = HaqaJI rreTh, «OTM)"IMJICJ.I» =

KOHqMJI My<IHTbCJ.I H T.rr.). B « <aHaJIHTHqe­ CKOM») aHrJIHHCKOM SI3blKe PYCCKHM rrpHCTa­ BOqHblM rJIarOJIaM HepeJJ;KO COOTBeTCTByroT pa3BepHYTble maroJIbHble COqeTaHHJ.I: started

singingl began to sing, stopped suffering H T.rr.

EIl.I,e HeCKOJIbKO rrpHMepOB:

-IIoCJIe CMepnf xeHbI OH CTaJI nllTb. > After his wife died, he took to drink.

-.H MaJlO 3HaJI ero II MaJlO ueHHJI; HO nOTOM H

Y3HaJI ero 6JIH)Ke II OH OKa3aJ1CH 3aMeqaTeJIbHblM qeJIOBeKOM. > I didnot know him well and did not

value him but when I came/got to know him better I became aware that he was a wonderful person.

3TO Bce 3HaKOMO H rrOHJ.ITHO, H TPYJJ;HO­ CTeH Y nepeBOJJ;qHKa 06blqHO He Bbl3blBaeT. CJlO>KHOCTH, a TOqHee, HeY3YaJIbHble MJIH H3JlHrnHe rpOM03JJ;KHe <P0PMYJlHpoBKH Ha aHr­ JlHHCKOM SI3blKe B03HHKaIOT B JJ;pyrOH CHTYa­ QHH: KorJJ;a C TOqKH 3peHHJ.I PYCCKOro J.l3blKa <pa3HCHOe MJIH acrreKTHoe 3HaqeHHe JJ;OJI)KHO fiblTb BblpaxeHo, a C TOqKH 3peHHJ.I aHrJIHH­ CKOro - HeT.

B PYCCKOM SI3blKe rJIarOJI «CTaTb» B Coqe­ TaHHH C HH<pHHHTHBOM CMblCJIOBOro rJIaroJIa n03BOJISIeT COfiJIIOCTH <pOpMaJIbHble TPe60Ba­ HHJ.I COrJIaCOBaHHJ.I, KorJJ;a cKa3yeMoe B ueJIOM JJ;OJI)KHO 6blTb COBeprneHHoro BMa, a CMbl­ CJlOBOH rJIarOJI OTHOCHTCJ.I K HeCOBepllIeHHO­ MY. «[...K]perrKO Ha6paJICSI KaKHX-TO HOBbIX npaBMJI./I qHH CJIeJJ;oBaJI eMY: OH CJIyx<:6y BJJ;pyr OCTaBHJI,/I B JJ;epeBHe KHHrH cmaJl 'IHTaTb» (Fpu60eiJ08): Bce rroJJ;qepKHYTble CKa3yeMble cOBeprneHHoro BMa, XOTJ.I caM rro ce­ fie rJIarOJl «qHTaTb» - HeCOBepllIeHHoro. C TOqKH xe 3peHHSI aHrJlHHCKOro J.l3bIKa, HHKaKHX OC06bIX rpaMMaTHqeCKHX pa3JIHqHH B nOJJ;06HOM rrpeLl:JlOXeHHH rrpOBOJJ;HTb He lfY)KHO: C rr03HuHH qHCTOH rpaMMaTHKH (a He n033HH), B TaKOH CHTYaUHH BrrOJIHe MOXHO

CKa3aTb: He suddenly retired fro m his postl left the service, and went to the country and readl to

read books there. AHrJIHHCKHH SI3blK He HYX­ JJ;aeTCSI B JJ;onOJIHHTeJIbHOM OTTeHKe CMblCJla, npHBHOCHMOM rJIarOJIOM «CTaTb» , H B rrepeBO­ JJ;e rJIaroJI HCqe3aeT... If 6bmo 6bl HenpaBMJIb­ HO C HarneH CTOPOHbl HaBJ.l3blBaTb 3JJ;ecb aHr-

JlHHCKOMY J.l3blKY CTerreHb rrpopa60TKH ac- :3

six because of the (heavy) traffic. BO-BTOPbIX,

CYllIeCTByeT HeMaJIOe qHCJIO pa3Hoo6pa3Hblx aHrJIHHCKHX KOHCTPYKUHH H 060POTOB, KOTO­ pble rrepeJJ;aIOT 3TH aCrreKTHble H <pa3HCHbIe 3HaqeHHJ.I HHblMH cpeJJ;CTBaMH, oco6eHHO B OTPHuaTeJlbHOH <popMe6:

6TOJIhKO He H}'X<HOqHCJlHTb cpe,nH 3THX cpe,nCTB aH­ fJIHil:CKOroH3b1Ka fJIaroJI "to/ail(to do smth)". OH onHCbI­ BaeT He cHryaUHIO, Kor,na KTO-TO qeCTHO nbITaJICH c.lle­ JIaThqro-TO, HO He cYMeJI, a TOJIbKO CJIY'laH, Kor,na O-TO ,nOIDKHoe HJIH. 06emaHHoe He BhInOJIHeHO no XaJIaTHOCTH HJIH He6pe)K}{OCTH, HJIH BonpeKH illKHl!atIHHM:The firm /ailed to give adequate risk warnings. Commuter chaos has again/ailed to materialize (npHMepbl H3 DJ(o rd Dictionary).

During his first expedition, Vitus Behring never saw Alaska: even though the strait was narrow, he missed the American shore in the heavyfog. He did it three years later. > Bo BpeW!: nepBoH 3Kcne.nJil­ UJiIJiI BJilTYc liepJilHr He cYMeJI OTKpbITh AJrnCKY. HecMOTpSl Ha He60JIhIII)'IO IIIJilPJilHYnpOJIJilBa, OH He CMor pa3r eTh aMepJilKaHCKJilH 6eper Jil3-3a CJilJIhHOrO TYMaHa. EMY YllaJIOCh 3TO c.neJIaTh TOJIhKO TpJil ro.na cnYCTSI.

JIHHCKOro YTO'lHeHH5I aCrreKTHbIX, a TaK:lKe <pa3HCHbIX H MOJJ;aJIhHbIX 3Ha'leHHH MOryTrrOHa­

JJ;ofiHThC5I He TOJIbKO TOrJJ;a,KorJJ;a COOTBeTCTBY­ IOIUHe CHrHaJIbI 3KCIIJIH HTHO rrOJJ;alOTC5I B TeK­

CTe aHrJIHHcKOro 0pHrHHaJIa: CKopee Bcero, OpHeHTHpOBaTbC5I rrpHJJ;eTC5ITOJIbKO Ha rrOHH­ MaHHe KOHTeKCTa, HOPMY H y3YC PYCCKOro 5I3bI­ Ka H 3JJ;paBbIH CMbICJI. He BC5IKOe PYCCKoe «CTaTb» HMeeT OPHrHHaJIOM become, H He BC5IKoe «CYMeTb» yrrOTPe6JI5leTC5I TOJIbKO B OTBeT Ha manage. H HaofiopOT, rrpH rrepeooJJ;e C PYCCKOro Ha aHrJIHHCKHH He Ofi5l3aTeJIbHO, a HHorJJ;a H COBceM H3JIHllIHe, HaB5I3bIBaTb aHrJIHHCKOMY BbICKa3bIBaHHIO H3fibITO'IHbIe JJ;JI5I Hero acrreKT­ HO-<pa3HCHbIe MapKepbI. CpaBHHTe:

-We've done it! > MbI CYMeJIH/ CMOrJIJiI/ crrpa­ BHJIJilCh!

-Five years of hard work at the university, and now he wasan engineer. > I1JITbJIeT HanpIDKeHHOH yqe6bI B YHJilBepCJilTeTe, JiI BOT OH CTaJIJilHlKeHepoM.

-MhI CYMeRJiI BbIexaTh TOJIhKO B llSITb 'IaCOB JiI

CTaJIJiI maTh MaIIIJilHY, 'IT06bI HaBepCTaTh ynymeH­ Hoe BpeMSI. > It was not till fivethatwe started out, so we drove quickly to make up for the lost time.

11 eIUe 06 OJJ;HOM maroJIe, KOTOPbIH )KH­

BeT « HeBHJJ;HMKOH» B PYCCKHX TeKCTax, HO CTOJilT nepeJIO)KHTb ero B aHrJIHHCKHH TeKCT, KaK OH Ha'lHHaeT «TOp'IaTb», MelliaTb, JJ;aBHTb, rropo)KJJ;a51OIUYIUeHHe '1Y:lKepOJJ;HOCTH. 3TO rJIarOJI - TO'lHee, rJIarOJIbI - «co:maBaTb»/ «C03JJ;aTb» (a BrrpO'leM, Bce CKa3aHHoe OTHO­ CHTC5I H K CYIUeCTBHTeJIbHOMY «C03JJ;aHHe» ).

"

MexaHH3M TaKoro He3JJ;opoBOro B03JJ;eHCTBH5I HaM Y:lKe XOPOlliO 3HaKOM: B PYCCKOM 5I3bIKe 3TH CJIOBa OfiJIaJJ;aIOT fiOJIbllIOH'IaCTOTHOCTblO, rrpH'IeM OHH rrepeJJ;alOT He TOJIbKO rrorrYJI5Ip­ HbIe JIeKCH'IeCKHe 3Ha'leHH5I «CJJ;eJIaTb cYIUe­ CTBYIOIUHM», «COTBOPHTb», «OCHOBaTb, rro­ CTPOHTh, yqpeJJ;HTb», HO H 3Ha'leHHe, HMelOIUee HeKOTopbIe «rpaMMaTH'leCKHe» (MOJJ;aJIbHbIe H <pa3HCHble) CBOHCTBa - «06eCrre'lHTb, cJJ;eJIaTh B03MO:lKHbIM rr05lBJIeHHe '1erO-JI.» (HarrpHMep, «C03JJ;aTh YCJIOBH5I/ rrpeJJ;rrOCbillKH/ MHeHHe/ Brre'laTJIeHHe/ HJIJII03HIO» H T.rr.). HHOrJJ;a pOJIb CJIOB «C03JJ;aTb/ C03JJ;aHHe» , rro BceH BH­ JJ;HMOCTH, CBOJJ;HTC5I K Ofi03Ha'leHHlO B TeKCTe MOMeHTa rrepexoJJ;a H3 IIJIaHa «HaCT05lIUero H peaJIbHoro» B IIJIaH «fiYJJ;YIUero JiI rrOTeH HaJIb­

m80plteCICUU nomeltll,U{lJl, 3altUMaJlCb nOJle3ltbIM mpYOOM Ita 6Jl azo 06w,ecm8a 8 06Melt Ita 8031ta­ zpaJICoeltue, IComopoe cnoc06Cm808{lJl0 6bl O{lJlb­

lteUUleMY pa38umUlO... H T.JJ;.» . BbIJJ;eJIeHHa5I KYPCHBOM '1aCTb rrpeMO)KeHH5I KaK pa3 HaxO­ JJ;HTC5IB IIJIaHe «fiYJJ;YIUero/ rrOTeH HaJIbHOro»).

HHbIMH CJIOBaMH, B PYCCKOM 5I3bIKe HMe­ eTC5I pafiOT5IIUee ceMeHCTBO OJJ;HOKOpeHHbIX CJIOB, aKTHBHO HCrrOJIb3yeMbIx B caMbIX pa3HbIX rro TeMaTHKe H perHCTPY KOHTeKcTax, H rrpH 3TOM COBepllIeHHO He rrpHBJIeKalOIUHX K cefie BHHMaHH5I - KaK eCJIH fibI 3TO fibillJil KaKHe-HHfiYJJ;b BcrrOMOraTeJIbHbIe JilJIH CJIY­ )KefiHbIe CJIOBa. Ho BOT MbI rrpHHHMaeMC5I rrepeBOJJ;HTb Ha aHrJIHHCKHH H COBepllIaeM TO, 'ITO B.H. KOMHccapOB, rrOMHHTC5I, Ha3bIBaJI

:'t ,

«create» JIH60 rrpH pa3roBope 0 COTBopeHHH MHpa B Ha'IaJIe BpeMeH (rrJIIocrrepeHOCHble 3Ha'IeHHH OT 3TOro HCXO,UHOro), JIH60 rrpH 06Cy)I()leHHH TBOp'IeCTBa xy,UmKHHKa, rrona, My3blKaHTa, Mo,UeJIbepa H T.rr.7 To eCTb BrrOJIHe YMeCTHO:

-God created the heaven and the earth.

(Genesis I: I)

-We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal... (US Declaration of Independence)

-Some of the world's most famous pictures were created in Italy during the Renaissance.8

Client: God created the world in six days and you are taking a month making this suit.

Tailor. But look at this world!

Ho eCJIH pe'Ib H,UeT 0 60JIee rrpH3eMJIeH­ HbIX Bemax, TO HapMY C to create HMeeT CMbICJI HCrrOJIb30BaTb u;eJIbIH PH,U CHHOHH­ MH'IHbIX eMY aHrJIHHCKHX fJIaroJIOB:

-c03,llaTbopraHI13aI.VUO > to establish/ found/ institute an organization

-C03,llaTbKOMHCCHIO > to set up a commission

7 CBepx Toro, Y fJlaroJIa to create eCTb 3Ha'leHHe «AaBaTb THTYJI» , «B03BOAHTb B 3BaHHe»: He was created a lieutenant/ a baronet. > «EMY npHCBOHJIH 3BaHHe JIeHTe­ HaHTa/ THTYJI 6apOHeTa».

8 npo nepBoro aKTepa - HCnOJIHHTeJIJI KaKOH-JIH60

TeaTpaJIbHOH POJIH, 3aKJIMbIBaIOIUeroTpaJIHUHIO, Ha KO­ TOPYlO nOTOM BOJIbHO HJIH HeBOJIbHO OpHeHTHpYfOTCJI nOCJIe.nYIOIUHe, npHHJlTO roBOPHTb "to create a role/part". O.nHaKO aMepHKaHCKHH nHCaTeJIb AM6p03 BHPC, TOHKHH CTHJIHCT H 6eCnOIUaJIHbIH KpHTHK Bcero npeTeHUH03HO­ ro H <paJIbIUHBOro B aHfJlHHCKOM Jl3bIKe, B03PaJKaJI npOTHB noro H BKJIIO'IHJI TaKYIO CTaTbIO B CBOH CJIOBapHK 3JIoynOTpe6JIeHHH JIHTepaTYPHbIM CTHJIeM: "'Created'for First Peifo rmed. Stage slang. 'Burbage created the part of Hamlet.' What was it that its author did to it?" (A. Bierce

Write It Right. A Little Blacklist of Literary Faults, 1909).

A

-EMY C031laJIH Bce YCJIOBHH, QT06bI. OH Mor pa60TaTb. > They provided him with adequate conditions for work.

-COBpeMeHHhle TeXHOJIOrHH CBH3H C031lalOT

HOBbIe B03MO)[{HOCTH ,llJIH06meHJilH JIIO,lleW, pa3,lleJIeHHbIX paCCTOHHHeM. > Modern tele­ communications help people reach out to other people across space.

-Hama ueJIb - C031laTb opraHH3aUHIO, KOTO

paS! 6bI npe,llCTaBJIJlJIa HHTepeCbl HaIUero npo­ <\leccHOHaJIbHOrOco06meCTBa. > What we need is an organization to represent the interests of our profession.

B rrOCJIe,UHeM rrpHMepe HH<popMaUHH 0 TOM, 'ITO 06Cy)I()laeMaH «opraHH3aUHH» eme He cymecTByeT, HO TOJIbKO 3aMbICJIHBaeTCH - 'ITO B PYCCKOM rrpe,UJIO)l(eHHH CJIe,UOBaJIO H3 3Ha'IeHHH rJIarOJIa «C03,UaTb» - nepe,UaeTCH B aHfJIHHCKOM BapHaHTe rrpH nOMOmH peMaTH­ 'IeCKOrO Heonpe,UeJIeHHOrO apTHKJIH

fJI arOJI-HeBH,UHMKa COBceM «paCTBOpHJICH» - npeBpaTHJICH B apTHKJIb. Hy H JIa,UHO. DIaB­ Hoe, 'ITO CBOIO pa60TY OH c,UeJIaJI.