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7 B.B. CLlo6mIKOB, O.B. neTJ)OBa. TeoplliI nepeBoLla. M.: ACT: BOcToK-3ana,n; BJIa,nHMHP: BKT, 2008. -

C. 87.

8 60JIbLUOH TOJIKOBbIH CJIOBapb pYCCKoro 1I3bIKa / nOLI pM. c.A. KY3Hel\oBa. - Cn6.: HOPHHT, 2000. - C. 27.

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BO-BTOPbIX, HenOHSlTHO, KaK B npHHIIHne OTJIH'lHTb Heony6JIHKOBaHHbIM H He nOJIyqHB­ mHM H3BeCTHOCTH nepeBOL\ OT nepeL\eJIKH, HJIH, HCnOJIb3YH TepMHH B.H. KOMHccapOBa, pe3YJIbTaTa a.nanTHBHoro TPaHCKOL\HpOBaHHSI, BeL\b, HanpHMep, Ha 3Tane npHHSlTHSI peme­ HHSI 0 ny6JIHKaIIHH TeKCTa eIIIe HeB03MO)[(H0 CYL\HTb 06 06IIIeKYJIbrypHoM peaKIIHH Ha He­ ro. OOL\XOL\ r: TypH, npeL\nOJIaraIOlllHM «OTKa3 OT anpHopHblX Cy)[(L\eHHM 0 TOM, 'lTO npeL\CTa­ BJI5!eT C060M nepeBOL\, 'lTO OH L\OJl)[(eH C060M npeL\CTaBAATb H BKaKHX OTHomeHHSlX OH L\OJI-

9 Chesterman A. YKa3 co'!. - C. 37.

46

/

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B KaKOH-TO CTeneHH 3TOT BbIBO.llnO.llKpe­ IIJI5IeTCJIe.IIYIOIUHH naCCa:lK: «TaK 3HaqHT, ne­ peBo,nOM MO:lKeT 6bITb Bce qTO yrO,nHO? KOHeq­ HO, HeT. TypH... npeMaraeT TpH YCJIOBH5I, HJlH "nocryJIaTa", 6e3 HaJIJ1qH5I KOTOPbIX MbI He MO:lKeM C IIOJIHbIM OCHOBaHHeM Ha3BaTb HeKHH TeKCT IIepeBo,nOM. 3TH YCJIOBH5I 3aKJIlOqalOTC5I B TOM, qTO a) cyrueCTByeT HJlH cyrueCTBOBaJI TeKCT OpHrHHaJIa, T.e. .lIpyrOH JIHHrBHCTJ1qe-

10 Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies / Ed. by Mona Baker. - London, New York: Routledge, 2001 . - p. 163.

CKHH npo.IIYKT,C03.l1aHHbIH, KaK IIpaBHJlO, Ha :3

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II Chesterman A. YKa3 COq. - C. 62. 12TaM )!Ce. C. 62-63.

I3 TaM )!Ce. C. 55.

47

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48

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