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TOJIbKO 5IBJ15IeTC5I HOBOH, HO H He HMeeT a6co­ JIIOTHO HHKaKOH CB5I3H C rrpe)J.CTaBJIeHH5IMH cy6beKTa 0 MHpe. K CYIIIeCTByIOIIIHM rrpe,UCTa­ BJIeHH5IM ee MO)I(HO )J.06aBI1Tb TOJIbKO B BI1,L(e pa3p03HeHHbIX <pparMeHToB, a 3TO, KaK rrpa­ BMJIO, 'rpe6yeT CJII1IIIKOM 60JIbIIIHX 3a'rpaT Ha 06pa60TKY rrpl1 CJIHiliKOMMaJIeHbKOH BbIro,Ue. A eIIIe 'IaCTb HH<popMaIIHH, 5IBJIAACb HOBOH, HMeeT CB5I3b co cTapoH HH<p0pMaIIHeH. 11 KO­ r.ua 3TH ,UBa B3al1MOCBH3aHHbIX I1H<popMaIII1OHHbIX KOMJIJ1eKCa, HOBbIH H CTapbIH, HCrrOJIb3YIOTC5I B Ka'IeCTBe rrOCbIJ10K B rrpOIIecce YM03aKJIIO'IeHH5I, rr05lBJ15IeTC5I ,UorrOJIHI1TeJIb­ Ha5I HOBa5I I1H<popMaIIH5I, KOTOPyIO HeJIb351 6bI­ JIO 6bI rrOJIyqHTb 6e3 B3aHMo,UeHCTBH5I CTapOH H HOBOH rrOCbIJ10K. TaKHM 06pa30M, eCJIH 06pa60TKa HOBOH HH<popMaIII1H ,UaeT rro,U06HbIH 3<p<peKT rrpl1pOCTa, MbI Ha3bIBaeM 3ry I1H<POp­ MaIIHIO peJle80llmHoii. qeM 60JIbille rrpHpOCT, TeM BblillepeJIeBaHTHocTb»22.

21 B.H. KOMHccapOB. COBpeMeHHoe nepeBo.uOBe.ue­

HHe. - M.: 3TC, 2001 . - C. 407.

22 Sperber D., WIl son D. Relevance: communication and cognition. - Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2002. - p. 48.

52

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TaKMM 06pa30M, MO)!(HO CKa3aTb, qTO pe­ JIeBaHTHM HH<p0pMaUlliI B rrepeBO,n:e - 3TO HO­ BaH .LtJIB pell,enTOpa HH«ilopMaI.I,HB 0 CO)J,ep)KllHHH " «ilopMe TO, KOTOpa» UP" 3TOM "MeeT JIOlWle­ CKYJO CBH3b C KOHTeKCTOM " OopaOOTKa KOTOPOH He conpIDKeHa C 'Ipe3MepHblMH 3aTPaTaMH.

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06Il(eH3bIKOBoe» 23.

 

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KOHTeKCTe HaH60JIbIIIYIOueHHOCTb.

 

TaK, B IOMOpHCTJ1qeCKOM paCCKa3e ,[()J(eHM­

 

ca Tep6epa The Owl Who Was God 3BepH, rropa­

 

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yxaHbIO, a fIX rrpOHHuaTeJIbHOCTb, KaK BbIHCHH­

 

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,n:eHHeM. npOaHaJIH3HpyeM ,n:Ba PYCCKHX rrepe­

 

Bo,n:a HeCKOJIbKHX peIIJIHK:

 

23

CM., HanpMMep, ,ll,.M. EY3M)((M. BeKTopbI

 

CMbICJIa.

0 <PYHKl{MOHaJIbHOM nOL\XOL\e K nepeBOL\Y //

 

MOCTbI 3(19)/2008. - M.: P.BaJIeHT, 2008. - C. 43-59.

53

 

 

nepeBOA B. K030POBO

nepeBOA iiiEiorAoHoBO.

 

Two ground moles tried to slip

OAHalKAbl... ABa 3eM1lSlHbiX Kpo·

MHMO THXO 1'1 He3aMeTHO no­

 

quietly by, unnoticed. "Youl" said

Ta nOnblTaJlHCb npOCKOJlb3HYTb MH­

nblTaJlHCb np06elKaTb ABa KpOTa.

 

the owl. "Who?" they quavered, in

MO Hero He3aMe'leHHbIMH.

 

- 3M, alol! - KpHKHyJla COBa.

 

fear and astonishment, for they

- Ayxl

- CKa3aJl ¢>HJlHH. - ,Qayx!

- 3TO Bbl KOMY? - 3aApOlKaJlH

 

could not believe it was possible for

KPOTbl

3aWenTaJlHCb,

3aTpSlC­

OT cTpaxa 1'1 H3YM1leHHSI KpOTbl.

 

anyone to see them in that thick

JlHCb 1'1 3a3aHKaJlHCb, nOTOMY 'lTO

OHH HHKaK He MOrllH nOBepHTb,

 

darkness. "You twol" said the owl.

He MOrllH Bo06pa3HTb, 'lT06bl KTO­

'lTO HX MOlKHO YBHAeTb B KpOMew­

..-

 

HH6YAb Mor pa3r1lSlAeTb HX B TaKOH

HOH TbMe.

 

KpOMeWHOH TeMHOTe.

 

- SI K BaM 060MM o6pa a­

=

 

 

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6'

 

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r-

i!!. "How many claws am I holding

- CKOJlbKHX KOrTeH He XBaTaeT y

- CKOJlbKO Jlan SI nOAHSlJla? -

 

up?" said the secretary bird. "Two,"

MeHSI Ha ::ITOH Hore? - CnpOCHJl OH.

CnpOCHJla nTHL\a-CeKpeTapb.

said the owl, and that was right.

- Aayx! Yx? - CKa3an

¢>HnHH, 1'1

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'-"

"Can you give me another

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6b1JlO npaBAoH.

 

expression for 'that is to say' or

TaK OHO 1'1

6bIJlO.

 

- KaK MOlKHO CKa3aTb HHa'le

 

'namely'?" asked the secretary bird.

- A 'lTO rOBopHT BJlI06JleHHblH

«TO eCTb»? - CnpOCHJla nTHL\a-CeK­

 

"To wit, " said the owl. "Why does a

CBoeH B03Jl106JleHHOH, KorAa eMY

peTapb.

 

lover call on his love?" asked the

YAaeTCSI ee yroBopHTb? - CnpOCHJl

- «A MMeHHO», - OTBeTHJla COBa.

 

secretary bird. "To woo, " said the

CeKpeTapb?

 

-3a'leM Jl106HMblH yxalKHBaeT

 

owl.

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1'1 ::ITO 6blJlO POBHO BABoe 60JlbWe,

ceKpeTOpb.

 

 

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BOM nepeAaTb paAOCTb 1'1 orop'le­

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nepeBoA B. K030POBO

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nepeBoA iiiEiorAoHoBo.

cTapaSi nOCblJlKa (coBa) + HOBaSi nOCblJlKa (<<ABe») = «COBa BepHO OTBenma Ha Bonpoc»

QTo6bI OKOHqaTeJIbHO npO CHHTb Harny n03HUHIO HaCqeT «yqeTa OTHOCHTeJIbHOH KOMMYHHKaTHBHOH ueHHOCTH» HHq,opMa­ UHH, ,u;o6aBHM eIIIeO,u;HO YCJIOBHe: B TeKCTe, npeTeH.u;yIOIIIeM Ha cTaryc nepeBO,u;a, onyme­

HHJI KPH MOryr 6bITb TOJIbKO BbllfYlKJJ,eHHblMH.

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54

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24 CM. Chesterman A. YKa3 co'!. - C. 35.

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Bo.n;a. - M.: HaYKa, 1985. C. 1 19.

58

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