МЁРФИ. murphy_raymond_english_grammar_in_use
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Adjectives and adverbs (2) (well/fast/late, hard/hardly)
Good/well |
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Good is an adjective. The adverb is well: |
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Your English is good. |
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You speak English well. |
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Susan is a good pianist. |
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Susan plays the piano well. |
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We use well (not ‘good’) with past participles (dressed/known etc.): |
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well-dressed |
well-known |
well-educated |
well-paid |
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But well is also an adjective with the meaning ‘in good health’: |
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‘How are you today?’ ‘I’m very well, thanks.’ (not ‘I’m very good’) |
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Fast/hard/late |
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These words are both adjectives and adverbs: |
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adjective |
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adverb |
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Jack is a very fast runner. |
Jack can run very fast. |
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Ann is a hard worker. |
Ann works hard, (not ‘works hardly’) |
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The train was late. |
I got up late this morning. |
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Lately = ‘recently’ |
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Have you seen Tom lately? |
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Hardly
Hardly = very little, almost not. Study these examples:
•Sarah was rather unfriendly to me at the party. She hardly spoke to me.
(= she spoke to me very little, almost not at all)
•George and Hilda want to get married but they’ve only known each other for a few days. I don’t think they should get married yet. They hardly know each other.
(= they know each other very little)
Hard and hardly are completely different. Compare: |
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He tried hard to find a job but he had no luck. (= he tried a lot, with a lot of effort) |
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I’m not surprised he didn’t find a job. He hardly tried to find one. (= he tried very little) |
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We often use hardly + any/anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere: |
There’s hardlyanything |
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A: How much money have you got? |
I in |
fridge. |
B:Hardly any. (= very little, almost none)
•I’ll have to go shopping. We’ve got hardly any food.
•The exam results were very bad. Hardly anybody in our class passed. (= very few students passed,
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almost nobody passed) |
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She ate hardly anything. She |
wasn’t feeling |
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hungry. (= she ate very little, almost nothing) |
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Note the position of hardly. You can say: |
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She ate hardly anything. |
or |
She hardly ate anything. |
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We’ve got hardly any food. |
or |
We’ve hardlygot any food. |
We often use can/could + hardly. 1 can hardly do something = it’s almost impossible for me to do it:
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Your writing is terrible. I can hardly read it. (= it is almost impossible for me to read it) |
• My leg was hurting me. I could hardly walk. |
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Hardly ever = almost never |
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I’m nearly always at home in the evenings. I hardly ever go out. |
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EXERCISES
100.1 Put in good or well. |
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I play tennis but I’m not very |
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George speaks Germanvery.................... |
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Your exam results were very |
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George’s German is very..................... |
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You did very..................... |
in your exams. |
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Our new business is going very |
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The weather was very................... |
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while |
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at the moment. |
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we were on holiday. |
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I like your jacket. It looks................. |
on you. |
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I didn’t sleep very................... |
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last night. |
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I’ve met her a few times but I don’t |
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6 How are you? Are you............ |
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know hervery...................... |
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100.2 Complete these sentences using well + one of the following words: |
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balanced behaved |
done |
dressed |
informed kept known paid |
1 The children were very good. They were ...wen-behaved,.
2I’m surprised you haven’t heard of her. She is quite
3Our neighbours’ garden is neat and tidy. It is very............................................................................................
4 You should eat different types of food. Your diet should b e ..............................................
5Ann knows a lot about many things. She is quite..............................................
6His clothes are always smart. He is always..............................................
7Jill has a lot of responsibility in her job but she isn’t very..............................................
8 Congratulations on passing your examinations................................................... |
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100.3 Are the underlined words right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
1 I’m tired because I’ve been working hard. . ..RIGHT .
2I tried hard to remember her name but I couldn’t..........................................................................
3This coat is practically unused. I’ve hardly worn it........................................................................
4She’s a good tennis player. She hits the ball hardly........................................................................
5Don’t walk so fasti I can’t keep up with you.................................................................................
6Why are you walking so slow? Are you tired? .............................................................................
100.4Write sentences with hardly. Use one of the following verbs (in the correct form):
change |
hear |
know |
recognise |
say |
sleep |
speak |
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George and Hilda have only met once before. They |
...hardly know... each other. |
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You’re speaking very quietly. I can ......................................................... |
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you. |
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I’m very tired this morning. I .......................................................... |
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last night. |
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We were so shocked when we heard the news, we could......................................................... |
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Kate was very quiet this evening. She |
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a word. |
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You look the same now as you looked 15 years ago. You’v e ....................................................... |
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I met Keith a few days ago. I hadn’t seen him for a long time and he looks very different now. |
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I ......................................................... |
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him. |
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30.5Complete these sentences with hardly + any/anybody/anything/anywhere/ever.
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I’ll have to go shopping. We’ve got ...hardly.aiiy.... |
food. |
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It was a very warm day and there w as.............................................. |
wind. |
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‘Do you know much about computers?’ ‘N o ,.............................................. ’ |
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The hotel was almost empty. There w as |
staying there. |
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I listen to the radio quite often but I ............................................. |
watch television. |
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Our new boss is not very popular.................................................. |
likes her. |
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It was very crowded in the room. There w as |
to sit. |
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We used to be good friends but w e |
see each other now. |
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It was nice driving this morning. There w as.............................................. |
traffic. |
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1 hate this town. There’s .......................................... |
to doan d ............................................ |
to go. |
U N IT
100
201
UNIT |
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101 |
So and such |
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A |
Study these examples: |
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• I didn’t enjoy the book. |
• I didn’t enjoy the book. |
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The story was so stupid. |
It was such a stupid story. |
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We use so + adjective/adverb: |
We use such + noun: |
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so stupid |
so quick |
such a story such people |
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so nice |
so quickly |
We use such + adjective + noun: |
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such a stupid story |
such nice people |
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Note that we say such a |
... (not ‘a such...’) |
So and such make the meaning of an adjective (or adverb) stronger:
•It’s a lovely day, isn’t it? It’s so warm.
(= really warm)
•He’s difficult to understand because he speaks so quickly.
Compare so and such in these sentences:
• I like Tom and Ann. They are so nice.
You can use so... that...:
•The book was so good that I couldn’t put it down.
•I was so tired that I fell asleep in the armchair.
You can leave out that in sentences like this:
• I was so tired (that) I fell asleep.
•We enjoyed our holiday. We had such a good time. (- a really good time)
•I like Tom and Ann. They are such nice people. (not ‘so nice people’)
You can use such...that...:
•It was such a good book that I couldn’t put it down.
•It was such lovely weather that we spent the whole day on the beach.
•It was such lovely weather (that) we...
We also use so and such with the meaning ‘like this’:
•I was surprised to find out that the house was built 10 0 years ago. I didn’t realise it was so old. (as old as it is)
•I expected the weather to be much cooler. I didn’t expect it to be so warm.
•I’m tired because I got up at 6 o’clock. I don’t usually get up so early.
•I didn’t realise it was such an old house.
•The house was so untidy. I’ve never seen such a mess. (= a mess like this)
Note the expression no such...:
•You won’t find the word ‘blid’ in an English dictionary because there is no such word. (= this word does not exist)
We say: so long but such a long time: |
1 • I haven’t seen her for such a long time. |
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• I haven’t seen her for so long I’ve |
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forgotten what she looks like. |
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(not ‘a so long time’) |
so far but such a long way: |
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• I didn’t know it was so far. |
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I didn’t know it was such a long way. |
so much, so many but such a lot (of): |
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Why did you buy such a lot of food? |
• Why did you buy so much food? |
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Not so...as > |j]]Q ^ J Such as ► |
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u n it 1 0 6 A |
EXERCISES
101.1Put in so, such or such a.
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He’s difficult to understand because he speaks ...so.. quickly. |
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like Tom and Ann. They’re |
...such... nice people. |
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It was a great holiday. We had ...such a |
gDOd time. |
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was surprised that he looked............................. |
well after his recent illness. |
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Everything i s |
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expensive these days, isn’t it? |
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The weather is lovely, isn’t it? I didn’t expect it to b e ............................. |
nice day. |
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have to go. 1 didn’t realise it w as............................. |
late. |
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He always looks good. He wears............................ |
nice clothes. |
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It w as............................. |
boring film that I fell asleep while I was watching it. |
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couldn’t believe the news. It w as............................. |
shock. |
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think she works too hard. She looks............................. |
tired all the time. |
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The food at the hotel w as......................... |
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awful. I’ve never eaten....................... |
awful food. |
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They’ve g o t............................ |
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much money, they don’t know what to do with it. |
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1 didn’t realise .............................you lived |
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long way from the city centre. |
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I can’t decide .............................what to do. It’s |
problem. |
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101.2 Make one sentence from two. Use so or such.
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She worked hard. |
You could hear it from miles away. |
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It was a beautiful day. |
You would think it was her native language. |
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I was tired. |
We spent the whole day indoors. |
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We had a good time on holiday. |
She made herself ill. |
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She speaks English well. |
I couldn’t keep my eyes open. |
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I’ve got a lot of things to do. |
I didn’t eat anything else for the rest of the day. |
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The music was loud. |
We-dccidcdto go-te the beach. |
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I had a big breakfast. |
I don’t know where to begin. |
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It was horrible weather. |
We didn’t want to come home. |
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... She worked so ha rd . she . m ade herself |)J. |
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... jt was such a beautlfu| day. Vy.e decided to go .to . the beach. |
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I w a s ......................................................................................... |
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5 .................................................................................................... |
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6 ...............................................................................................................
7 .............................................................................................
1 .3 Use your own ideas to complete these pairs o f sentences.
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We enjoyed our holiday. It was so ....relaxing,... |
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We enjoyed our holiday. We had such ...a.Qood. time. .. |
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a I don’t like London very much. It’s s o ........................... |
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b I don’t like London very much. It’s such........................ |
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a I like Ann. She’s s o ........................................................... |
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1 like Ann. She’s such....................................................... |
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a I wouldn’t like to be a teacher. It’s s o ............................. |
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b I wouldn’t like to be a teacher. It’s such......................... |
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a It’s great to see you again! I haven’t seen you for s o .... |
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b It’s great to see you again! I haven’t seen you for such .
U N IT
101
203
UNIT
1 0 2 Enough and too
The position of enough |
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Enough goes after adjectives and adverbs: |
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•He didn’t get the job because he wasn’t experienced enough, (not ‘enough expert
•You won’t pass the examination if you don’t work hard enough.
•She shouldn’t get married yet. She’s not old enough.
The opposite is too... (too hard / too old etc.): |
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• You never stop working. You work too hard. |
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Enough normally goes before nouns: |
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•He didn’t get the job because he didn’t have enough experience, (not ‘experience enough’)
•I’d like to go away on holiday but I haven’t got enough money.
•Some of us had to sit on the floor because there weren’t enough chairs.
You can also use enough alone (without a noun):
• I’ll lend you some money if you haven’t got enough.
The opposite is too much... / too many...:
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We can’t go away on holiday. It costs too much (money). |
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There are too many people and not enough chairs. |
BWe say enough/too...for (somebody/something):
•I haven’t got enough money for a holiday.
•He wasn’t experienced enough for the job.
•This shirt is too big for me. I need a smaller size.
But we usually say enough/too...to do something (not ‘for doing’). So we say: enough money to buy something too young to do something etc.
For example:
•I haven’t got enough money to go on holiday, (not ‘for going’)
•He wasn’t experienced enough to do the job.
• She’s not old enough to get married, or She’s too young to get married.
•Let’s get a taxi. It’s too far to walk home from here.
•There weren’t enough chairs for everyone to sit down.
•They spoke too quickly for us to understand.
We say:
The food was very hot. We couldn’t eat it. and The food was so hot that we couldn’t eat it. but The food was too hot to eat. (without ‘it’)
Some more examples like this:
•The wallet was too big to put in my pocket. (not ‘too big to put it’)
•These boxes are too heavy to carry, (not ‘too heavy to carry them’)
•The water wasn’t clean enough to swim in.
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To... and for... (purpose) ►| |
Adjective + to... (difficult to understand etc.) |
UNIT 64A |
EXERCISES
102.1 Complete these sentences using enough with one of the following adjectives or nouns:
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adjectives: |
big |
eW |
warm |
well |
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nouns: |
cups |
milk |
money |
qualifications |
room |
time |
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She shouldn’t get married yet. She’s not ...P.M enough... |
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I’d like to buy a car but I haven’t g o t.............................................. |
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Have you g o t............................................. |
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in your tea or would you like some more? |
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Are you ............................................. |
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? Or shall I switch on the heating? |
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It’s only a small car. There isn’t .............................................. |
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for all of you. |
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Steve didn’t feel.............................................. |
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to go to work this morning. |
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7 I didn’t answer all the questions in the exam. I didn’t have.............................................. |
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Do you think I’ve g o t.............................................. |
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to apply for the job? |
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Try this jacket on and see if it’s .............................................. |
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for you. |
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There weren’t ........................................ |
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for everybody to have coffee at the same time. |
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102.2 Complete the answers to the questions. Use too or enough with the word in brackets.
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Is she going to get married? |
(old) No, she’s not ... old enough to get |
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married .... |
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I need ro talk to you about something. |
(busy) Well, I’m afraid I’m ................... |
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Let’s go to the cinema. |
....to you now. |
(late) No, it’s ..................... |
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Why don’t we sit in the garden? |
to the cinema. |
(warm) It’s not .................. |
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Would you like to be a politician? |
. in the garden. |
(nice) No, I’m ................... |
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Do you want to play tennis today? |
a politician. |
(energy) No, I haven’t got . |
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... tennis today. |
Did you hear what he was saying? |
(far away) No, we were . |
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Can he read a newspaper in English? |
what he was saying. |
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(English) No, he doesn’t know ....................... |
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...................................................... a newspaper. |
102.3 Make one sentence from two. Complete the new sentence using too or enough.
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We couldn’t eat the food. It was too hot. ..l\)^.fQqA w as^ o h^x.o eat.,,,, |
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I can’t drink this coffee. It’s too hot. This coffee i s ............................................ |
3Nobody could move the piano. It was too heavy.
The piano.................................................................................................................
4I don’t wear this coat in winter. It isn’t warm enough.
This coat...................................................................................................................
5I can’t explain the situation. It is too complicated.
The situation............................................................................................................
6Three people can’t sit on this sofa. It isn’t wide enough.
This sofa ...................................................................................................................
7We couldn’t climb over the wall. It was too high.
The wall....................................................................................................................
8You can’t see some things without a microscope. They are too small.
Som e.........................................................................................................................
UNIT
1 0 2
205
UNIT
1 0 3 Quite and rather
A Quite = less than ‘very’ but more than ‘a little’:
•I’m surprised you haven’t heard of her. She’s quite famous. (= less than ‘very famous’ but more than ‘a little famous’)
•It’s quite cold. You’d better wear your coat.
•Lucy lives quite near me, so we see each other quite often.
Quite goes before a/an: |
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quite a nice day (not ‘a quite nice day’) |
quite an old house |
quite a long way |
Sometimes we use quite + noun (without an adjective):
• I didn’t expect to see them. It was quite a surprise.
We also use quite with some verbs, especially like and enjoy:
• I quite like tennis but it’s not my favourite sport.
Quite sometimes means ‘completely’. See Section C.
BRather is similar to quite. We use rather mainly with negative words and negative ideas:
•It’s rather cold. You’d better wear your coat.
• ‘What was the examination like?’ ‘Rather difficult, I’m afraid.’
• Let’s get a taxi. It’s rather a long way to walk. Quite is also possible in these examples.
Often we use quite with a positive idea and rather with a negative idea:
• She’s quite intelligent but rather lazy.
When we use rather with positive words (nice/interesting etc.), it means ‘unusually’ or ‘surprisingly’. For example, rather nice = unusually nice / surprisingly nice / nicer than expected:
•These oranges are rather nice. Where did you get them?
•Ann didn’t like the book but 1 thought it was rather interesting. (= more interesting than expected)
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Rather can go before or after a/an. So you can say: |
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a rather interesting book or rather an interesting book |
C |
Quite also means ‘completely’. For example: |
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• ‘Are you sure?’ ‘Yes, quite sure.’ (= completely sure) |
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Quite means ‘completely’ with a number of adjectives, especially: |
sure |
right |
true |
clear |
different |
incredible |
certain |
wrong |
safe |
obvious |
unnecessary |
extraordinary |
•She was quite different from what I expected. (= completely different)
•Everything they said was quite true. (= completely true)
We also use quite (= ‘completely’) with some verbs. For example:
• I quite agree with you. (= I completely agree)
Not quite = ‘not completely’:
•They haven’t quite finished their dinner yet.
•I don’t quite understand what you mean.
• ‘Are you ready yet?’ ‘Not quite.’ (= not completely)
amazing impossible
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Would rather -*■ U N I T 5 8 |
EXERCISES
103.1Complete the sentences using quite + one of the following:
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a busy day |
a good voice |
a nice time |
a lot of mistakes |
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a nice day |
a long way |
a strong wind |
a frightening experience |
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The weather was better than we had expected. It was |
...quite a nice day, |
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Tom often sings. He’s g o t........................................................................................................... |
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The bus stop wasn’t very near the hotel. We had to w alk..................................................... |
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4I’m tired. I’ve h ad ........................................................................................................................
5Our holiday was OK. We had....................................................................................................
6It’s warm today but there’s ........................................................................................................
7I hope that never happens again. It w as....................................................................................
8She speaks English fluently but she makes...............................................................................
103.2Complete these sentences using the words in brackets. Each time use quite with the positive word and rather with the negative word.
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She’s |
.intelligent... but ... |
rather lazy, (intelligent / lazy) |
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The car goes......................... ...................... |
but it’s ........................................ |
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The programme w as........... .......................................... |
b u t........................... |
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(long / interesting) |
but he’s |
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George i s .............................. |
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(a hard worker / slow) |
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I w as..................................... |
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with the hotel but Jim w as.................... |
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(disappointed / pleased) |
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......................work. |
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It’s .......................................... |
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(a well-paid / hard) |
us but it’s |
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Sarah lives............................ |
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house, (near / difficult) |
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What does quite mean in these sentences? Tick Y ) the right meaning. |
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more than a little, less |
completely |
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than very (Section A) |
(Section C) |
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It’s quite cold. You’d better wear your coat. |
,Y „................................................ |
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‘Are you sure?’ ‘Yes, quite sure.’ |
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Maria’s English is quite good. |
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I couldn’t believe it. It was quite incredible. |
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The people I work with are quite friendly. |
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My bedroom is quite big. |
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You’re quite right. |
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03.4Complete these sentences using quite with one of the following:
amazing |
different |
impossible |
right |
safe |
sure |
unnecessary |
true |
1 I didn’t believe her at first, but in fact what she said was |
...^M.itetrue.... |
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2You won’t fall. The ladder is .......................................................................................
3I’m afraid I can’t do what you ask. It’s ......................................................................
4I couldn’t agree with you more. You are ....................................................................
5You can’t compare the two things. They are.............................................................
6You needn’t have done that. It w as.............................................................................
7I think I saw them go out but I’m n o t........................................................................
8I couldn’t believe what had happened. It w as............................................................
UNIT
1 0 3
20 7
UNIT
1 0 4 Comparison ( 1 ) - cheaper, more expensive etc.
A Look at these examples:
How shall we travel? By car or by train?
Let’s go by car. It’s cheaper.
Don’t go by train. It’s more expensive.
Cheaper and more expensive are comparative forms.
After comparatives you can use than (see also Unit 106):
•It’s cheaper to go by car than by train.
•Going by train is more expensive than going by car.
B |
The comparative form is -er or more... . |
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We use -er for short words (one |
We use more... for longer words (two |
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syllable): |
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syllables or more): |
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cheap —> cheaper |
fast—> faster |
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more modern |
more serious |
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large —> larger |
thin —> thinner |
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more expensive |
more comfortable |
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We also use -er for two-syllable words that |
We use more... for adverbs that |
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end in -y (-y —>-ier): |
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end in -ly: |
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lucky —>luckier |
early —> earlier |
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more slowly |
more seriously |
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easy —> easier |
pretty —> prettier |
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more quietly |
more carefully |
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Also: more often |
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For spelling, see Appendix 6 . |
but: earlier (not ‘more early’) |
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Compare these examples: |
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You’re older than me. |
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You’re more patient than me. |
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• The exam was quite easy - easier than |
• The exam was quite difficult - more |
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we expected. |
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difficult than we expected. |
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Can you walk a bit faster? |
• Can you walk a bit more slowly? |
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• I’d like to have a bigger car. |
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I’d like to have a more reliable car. |
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Last night I went to bed earlier than |
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I don’t play tennis much these days. I |
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usual. |
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used to play more often. |
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You can use -er or more... with some two-syllable adjectives, especially: quiet clever narrow shallow simple
• It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter / more quiet?
CThese adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative forms: good/well —>better:
•The garden looks better since you tidied it up.
•I know him well - probably better than anybody else,
bad/badly —» worse:
• ‘Is your headache better?’ ‘No, it’s worse.’
•He did very badly in the exam - worse than expected, far —> further (or farther):
•It’s a long walk from here to the station - further than I thought, (or ...farther than...)
Further (but not ‘farther’) can also mean ‘more’ or ‘additional’:
• Let me know if you hear any further news. (= any more news)
208 |
Comparison (2) and (3) >(Q SE S S ES Superlatives (cheapest/most expensive etc.) ►UNIT 107 |
EXERCISES
104.1Complete the sentences using a comparative form (older / more important etc.).
1 |
It’s too noisy here. Can we go somewhere ....qMi |
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2 |
This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit.............................................. |
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3 |
The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to b e .............................................. |
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4 |
The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to b e .............................................. |
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5 |
The weather is too cold in this country. I’d like to live somewhere.............. |
............ |
6My job is a bit boring sometimes. I’d like to do something..............................................
7I was surprised how easy it was to use the computer. I thought it would be
8Your work isn’t very good. I’m sure you can do .............................................
9 |
Don’t worry. The situation isn’t so bad. It could b e .............................................. |
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1 0 I was surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to take................................. |
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11 |
You’re talking very loudly. Can you speak a b it............................................. |
? |
12 |
You hardly ever phone me. Why don’t you phone m e............................................. |
? |
13 |
You’re standing too near the camera. Can you move a b it.......................................... |
away? |
14 |
You were a bit depressed yesterday but you look.............................................. |
today. |
*04.2 Complete the sentences. Each time use the comparative form of one o f the words in the list. Use than where necessary.
big |
crowded |
early |
easily |
high |
important |
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interested |
peaceful |
reliable |
serious |
simple |
thin |
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1 |
I was feeling tired last night, so I went to bed . earlier than |
usual. |
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2 |
I’d like to have a ...fflore reliable.. car. The one I’ve got keeps breaking down. |
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3 |
Unfortunately her illness w as........................... |
....................................... |
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we thought at first. |
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4 |
You look |
............................................................. |
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...... |
Have you lost weight? |
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5 |
I want a ............................................................... |
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.... |
flat. We don’t have enough space here. |
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6 |
He doesn’t ....................study very hard. He’s |
.................................. |
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in having a good time. |
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7 |
Health and ..................................happiness are |
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................................ |
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money. |
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8 |
The instructions were very complicated. They could have been........................................... |
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9 |
There were ..a lot of people on the bus. It was .............................................................. |
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usual. |
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10 |
I like living ...................in the countryside. It’s |
............................................ |
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living in a town. |
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1 1 |
You’ll find ...............................................your way around the town |
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if you have a good map, |
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1 2 |
In some parts ..........of the country, prices are |
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.3 Read the situations and complete the sentences. Use a comparative form (-er or more...).
1 Yesterday the temperature was nine degrees. Today it’s only six degrees. it’s colder today, than, it was yesterday..
2The journey takes four hours by car and five hours by train.
It tak es.............................................................................................................................................
3Dave and I went for a run. I ran ten kilometres. Dave stopped after eight kilometres.
I ra n .................................................................................................................................................
4Chris and Joe both did badly in the exam. Chris got 20% but Joe only got 15%.
Joe d id ..............................................................................................................................................
5I expected my friends to arrive at about 4 o’clock. In fact they arrived at 2.30.
My friends.......................................................................................................................................
6You can go by bus or by train. The buses run every 30 minutes. The trains run every hour.
The buses........................................................................................................................................
7We were very busy at work today. We’re not usually as busy as that.
W e.....................................................................................................................................................
UNIT
1 0 4
209