МЁРФИ. murphy_raymond_english_grammar_in_use
.pdfUNIT
1 1 5 As (reason and time)
AAs (reason)
As sometimes means ‘because’:
•As it was a public holiday, all the shops were shut. (= because it was a public holiday)
•As they live near us, we see them quite often.
•We watched television all evening as we had nothing better to do.
We also use as to say that two things happened at the same time. See Section B.
BAs (time)
You can use as when two things happen at the same time:
•I watched her as she opened the letter. (‘I watched’ and ‘she opened’ at the same time)
•As they walked along the street, they looked in the shop windows.
•Can you turn off the light as you go out, please? (= on your way out of the room)
Or you can say that something happened as you were doing something else (= in the middle of doing something else):
•Jill slipped as she was getting off the bus.
•The thief was seen as he was climbing over the wall.
Most often we use as when two short actions happen at the same time:
•George arrived as Sue left. (= he arrived and Sue left at the same time)
•We all waved goodbye to Liz as she drove away in her car.
But we also use as when two things happen together over a longer period of time:
•As the day went on, the weather got worse.
•I began to enjoy the job more as I got used to it.
You can also use just as (= exactly at that moment):
•Just as I sat down, the phone rang.
•Just as we were going out, it started to rain.
•I had to leave just as the conversation was getting interesting.
For the past continuous (was getting / were going etc.) see Unit 6.
As, when and while
We use as only if two things happen at the same time. We use when (not ‘as’) if one thing happens after another. Compare when and as:
• When I got home, I had a bath, (not ‘as I got home’)
•As I walked into the room, the phone started ringing. (= at the same time)
We use as (time) for actions and happenings. As + a situation (not an action) usually means ‘because’ (see Section A):
•As we were asleep, we didn’t hear the doorbell. (= because we were asleep)
•As they live near me, I see them quite often. (= because they live near me)
You cannot use as for time in sentences like this. You have to use while or when:
•The doorbell rang while we were asleep, (not ‘as we were asleep’)
•Angela got married when she was 23. (not ‘as she was 23’)
23 0 |
As...as ►UNIT 106 |
Like and as UNIT 116 |
As if |
While UNIT 116 |
EXERCISES
115.1 What does as mean in these sentences? |
because |
at the same |
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time as |
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As they live near us, we see them quite often. |
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Jill slipped as she was getting off the bus. |
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3 As I was tired, I went to bed early............................................................................................. |
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Unfortunately, as I was parking the car, I hit the car behind. ............................................ |
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As we climbed the hill, we got more and more tired............................................................... |
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We decided to go out to eat as we had no food at home. |
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As we don’t use the car very often, we’ve decided to sell it.................................................... |
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115.2 (Section A) Join a sentence from List A with one from List B. Begin each sentence with As.
1 |
yesterday was a public holiday |
B I walked in |
2 |
it was a nice day |
we came in very quietly |
3 |
we didn’t want to wake anybody up |
all the shops were shut |
4 |
the door was open |
we didn’t know what time it was |
5 |
none of us had a watch |
we went for a walk by the sea |
1 ...A?.ye.^!^ayira9..a.pMWic.Hp.y^,.alJ..!iHeshops..«^is.ahHti...
2 ....................................................................................................................
3 ....................................................................................................................
4 ....................................................................................................................
5 ....................................................................................................................
15.3 (Section B) Use as to join a sentence from List A with one from List B.
1 |
we all waved goodbye to Liz |
B we were driving along the road |
2 |
we all smiled |
I was taking a hot dish out of the oven |
3 |
I burnt myself |
she drove away in her car |
4 |
the crowd cheered |
we posed for the photograph |
5 |
a dog ran out in front of the car |
the two teams ran onto the field |
1 ...WeaN .w ay^ ..g o o d ie to Liz as. she drove away.In.Her car,.
2 .....................................................................................
3 .............................................................................................
4 .................................................................................................
5 .................................................................................................
15.4 Put in as or when. Sometimes you can use either as or when.
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Angela got married ...when.. she was 23. |
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My camera was stolen |
I was on holiday. |
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He dropped the glass |
he was taking it out of the cupboard. |
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............................I left school, I went to work in a shop. |
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The train slowed down............................. |
it approached the station. |
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I used to live near the sea ............................. |
I was a child. |
5.5Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.
1I saw you a s .............................................................................................................
2It began to rain just a s ...........................................................................................
3As I didn’t have enough money for a taxi,..........................................................
4 Just as I took the photograph,..............................................................................
UNIT
1 1 5
231
UNIT |
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1 1 6 |
Like and as |
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A |
Like = ‘similar to’, ‘the same as’. Note that you cannot use as in this way: |
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What a beautiful house! It’s like a palace, (not ‘as a palace’) |
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‘What does Sandra do?’ ‘She’s a teacher, like me.’ (not ‘as me’) |
•Be careful! The floor has been polished. It’s like walking on ice. (not ‘as walking’)
•It’s raining again. I hate weather like this, (not ‘as this’)
In these sentences, like is a preposition. So it is followed by a noun (like a palace), a pronoun (like me / like this) or -ing (like walking).
You can also say ‘like (somebody/something) doing something’:
• ‘What’s that noise?’ ‘It sounds like a baby crying.’
BSometimes like = ‘for example’:
•Some sports, like motor racing, can be dangerous. You can also use such as (= for example):
•Some sports, such as motor racing, can be dangerous.
CWe use as (wot ‘like’) before a subject +■verb'.
•I didn’t move anything. 1 left everything as I found it.
•They did as they promised. (= They did what they promised.)
Compare like and as in these sentences:
•You should have done it like this, (like + pronoun)
•You should have done it as I showed you. (as + subject + verb)
We also say as you know / as I said / as she expected / as I thought etc.:
•As you know, it’s Tom’s birthday next week. (= you know this already)
•Jane failed her driving test, as she expected. (= she expected this before)
Note that we say as usual / as always:
• You’re late as usual.
D As can also be a preposition but the meaning is different from like. Compare:
• Brenda Casey is the manager of a company. |
• Mary Stone is the assistant manager. |
As the manager, she has to make many |
Like the manager (Brenda Casey), she |
important decisions. |
also has to make important decisions. |
(‘As the manager’ = in her position as |
(‘Like the manager’ = similar to the |
the manager) |
manager) |
• During the war this hotel was used as a |
• Everyone is ill at home. Our house is |
hospital, (so it really was a hospital) |
like a hospital, (it isn’t really a hospital) |
As (preposition) = ‘in the position of’, ‘in the form of’ etc.:
• A few years ago I worked as a bus driver, (not ‘like a bus driver’)
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We’ve got a garage but we haven’t got a car, so we use the garage as a workshop. |
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Many English words (for example, ‘work’ and ‘rain’) can be used as verbs or nouns. |
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London is all right as a place to visit, but I wouldn’t like to live there. |
•The news of her death came as a great shock. We say regard...as:
•I regard her as my best friend.
As...as UNIT 1 0 6 |
The same as u n it 1 0 6 C |
As (reason and time) u n it 116 |
As if |
EXERCISES
116,1 (Sections A, B and C) Put in like or as. |
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It’s raining again. I hate weather ....like...this. |
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Jane failed her driving test ...as |
... she expected. |
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3 |
Do you think Carol looks................ |
her mother? |
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He really gets on my nerves. I can’t stand people................. |
him. |
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Why didn’t you do it |
I told you to do it? |
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‘What does Bill do?’ ‘He’s a student, |
most of his friends.’ |
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Why do you never listen? Talking to you is .................. |
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talking to the wall. |
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.................I said yesterday, I’m thinking of changing my job. |
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Tom’s idea seemed a good one, so we d id |
he suggested. |
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It’s a difficult problem. I never know what to do in situations.................. |
this. |
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I’ll phone you tomorrow |
usual, OK? |
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This tea is awful. It tastes................. |
water. |
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Suddenly there was a terrible noise. It w as............... |
a |
bomb exploding. |
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She’s a very good swimmer. She swims.................. |
a |
fish. |
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I’m afraid I can’t meet you on Sunday................. |
we arranged. |
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16 We met Keith last night. He was very cheerful,................. always.
6.2(Sections A and D) Complete the sentences using like or as + one of the following:
a beginner |
blocks of ice |
a palace |
a birthday present |
a problem |
a child |
a church |
winter |
a tourist guide |
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1 This house is beautiful. It’s ....like a.palace.
2Margaret once had a part-time jo b ....................................................................
3My feet are really cold. They’re ....................................................................
4I’ve been learning Spanish for a few years but I still speak..........................................................
51 wonder what that building with the tower is. It looks........................................................
6 My brother gave me this watch.................................................................... |
a long time ago. |
7It’s true that we disagree about some things but I don’t regard this
8It’s very cold for the middle of summer. It’s ....................................................................
9He’s 22 years old but he sometimes behaves...............................................................................................................
(All sections) Put in like or as.
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Your English is very fluent. I wish I could speak |
.................. you. |
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Don’t take my advice if you don’t want to. You can d o .................. |
you like. |
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3 |
You waste too much time doing things.................. |
sitting in cafes all day. |
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I wish I had a c a r.................. |
yours. |
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There’s no need to change your clothes. You can go ou t.................. |
you are. |
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My neighbour’s house is full of interesting things. ..................It’s |
a museum. |
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n I think I preferred this room |
it was, before we decorated it. |
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When we asked Sue to help us, she agreed immediately,...................I knew she would. |
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Sharon has been working................. |
a waitress for the last two months. |
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10 |
While we were on holiday, we.spent most of our time doing energetic things |
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sailing, water skiing and swimming. |
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You’re different from the other people I know. I don’t know anyone................. |
you. |
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We don’t need all the bedrooms in the house, so we use one of them................. |
a study. |
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................her father, Catherine has a very good voice. |
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The news that Sue and Jim were getting married .................cam e |
a complete surprise to me. |
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At the moment I’ve got a temporary job in a bookshop. It’s O K |
a temporary job |
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but I wouldn’t like to do it permanently. |
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UNIT
1 1 6
233
UNIT
117 A s if
You can use as if to say how somebody or something looks/sounds/feels etc.:
•That house looks as if it’s going to fall down.
•Ann sounded as if she had a cold, didn’t she?
•I’ve just come back from holiday but I feel tired and depressed. I don’t feel as if I’ve just
had a holiday. Compare:
• You look tired, (look + adjective)
You look as if you haven’t slept, (look + as if + subject + verb)
•Tom sounded worried, (sound + adjective)
Tom sounded as if he was worried, (sound + as if + subject + verb)
You can use as though instead of as if:
• Ann sounds as though she’s got a cold. (= ...as if she’s got a cold.)
BYou can also say It looks/sounds/smells as if (or as though):
•Sandra is very late, isn’t she? It looks as if she isn’t coming.
•We took an umbrella with us because it looked as if it was going to rain.
•Do you hear that music next door? It sounds as if they’re having a party.
•It smells as though someone has been smoking in here.
After It looks/sounds/smells, many people use like instead of as if / as though:
• It looks like Sandra isn’t coming.
You can use as if with other verbs to say how somebody does something:
• He ran as if he was running for his life.
•After the interruption, the speaker carried on talking as if nothing had happened.
•When I told them my plan, they looked at me as if I was mad.
After as if we sometimes use the past when we are talking about the present. For example:
• I don’t like Norma. She talks as if she knew everything.
The meaning is not past in this sentence. We use the past (‘as if she knew’) because the idea is no real: Norma does not know everything. We use the past in the same way with if and wish (see Unit 38).
Some more examples:
•She’s always asking me to do things for her - as if I didn’t have enough to do. (I do have enough to do)
•Harry’s only 40. Why do you talk about him as if he was an old man? (he isn’t an old man)
When you use the past in this way, you can use were instead of was:
•Why do you talk about him as if he were an old man?
•They treat me as if I were (or was) their own son. (I’m not their son)
234 |
Look/sound etc. + adjective |
UNIT 98D |
Like and as ► |
EXERCISES
1 1 7 .1 Use the sentences in the box to make sentences with as if. |
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it has just been cut |
I’m going to be sick |
he hadn’t eaten for a week |
she was enjoying it |
she had hurt her leg |
he meant what he was saying |
he needs a good rest |
she didn’t want to come |
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1 Mark looks very tired. He looks .. a s if.he needs a .good rest..
2Sue was walking with difficulty. She looked..................................................................................
3I don’t think he was joking. He looked...........................................................................................
4The grass is very short. It looks.......................................................................................................
5Peter was extremely hungry and ate his dinner very quickly.
He ate ..................................................................................................................................................
6Carol had a bored expression on her face during the concert.
She didn’t look ...................................................................................................................................
7I’ve just eaten too many chocolates. Now I’m feeling ill.
I feel.....................................................................................................................................................
8I phoned Emma and invited her to the party but she wasn’t very enthusiastic about it.
She sounded........................................................................................................................................
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What do you say in these situations? Use You look / You sound / 1 feel as if |
... . Use the words in |
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brackets to make your sentence. |
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1 You meet Bill. He has a black eye and some plasters on his face. |
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You say to him:.. You look as If you''ye beenJn a fight., |
(be / a fight) |
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Christine comes into the room. She looks absolutely terrified. |
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You say to her: What’s the matter? Y ou .................................................................. |
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(see / a ghost) |
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Sarah is talking to you on the phone about her new job and she sounds very happy about it. |
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You say to her:................................................................................................................ |
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(enjoy / it) |
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You have just run one kilometre. You are absolutely exhausted. |
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You say to a friend: I |
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(run / a marathon) |
17.3 |
Make sentences beginning It looks as if... / It sounds as if... . |
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you had a good time |
there’s been an accident |
they are having an argument |
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it’s going to rain |
she isn’t coming |
we’ll have to walk |
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Sandra said she would be here an hour ago. You say :...It.I.PPks as rf she Isn't coming.. |
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2The sky is full of black clouds. You say: I t .................................................................................
3You hear two people shouting at each other next door.
You say :...........................................................................................................................................
4You see an ambulance, some policemen and two damaged cars at the side of the road. You say :...........................................................................................................................................
5You and a friend have just missed the last bus home.
You say :............................................................................................................................................
6Sue and Dave have just been telling you about all the interesting things they did while they were on holiday. You sa y :.............................................................................................................
.4 These sentences are like the ones in Section D. Complete each sentence using as if.
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Brian is a terrible driver. He drives ...as if He were.. the only driver on the road. |
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I’m 20 years old, so please don’t talk to m e..................................... |
a child. |
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Steve has only met Nicola once but he talks about her..................................... |
a close friend. |
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It was a long time ago that we first met but I remember i t ..................................... |
yesterday. |
UNIT
1 1 7
23 5
For, during and while
For and during
We use for + a period of time to say how long something goes on: for two hours for a week for ages
For example:
•We watched television for two hours last night.
•Victoria is going away for a week in September.
•Where have you been? I’ve been waiting for ages.
•Are you going away for the weekend?
We use-during + noun to say when something happens (not how long): during the film during our holiday during the night
For example:
•I fell asleep during the film.
•We met a lot of people during our holiday.
•The ground is wet. It must have rained during the night.
With a ‘time word’ (for example, the morning / the afternoon / the summer), you can usually sa\ in or during:
•It must have rained in the night, (or ...during the night.)
•I’ll phone you sometime during the afternoon, (or ...in the afternoon.)
You cannot use during to say how long something goes on:
•It rained for three days without stopping, (not ‘during three days’)
Compare during and for:
•I fell asleep during the film. I was asleep for half an hour.
During and while
Compare:
We use during + noun:
noun
• I fell asleep during the film.
Compare during and while in these examples:
•We met a lot of interesting people during our holiday.
•Robert suddenly began to feel ill during the examination.
We use while + subject + verb: subject + verb
•I fell asleep while I was watching television.
•We met a lot of interesting people while we were on holiday.
•Robert suddenly began to feel ill while he was doing the examination.
Some more examples of while:
•We saw Amanda while we were waiting for the bus.
•While you were out, there was a phone call for you.
•Christopher read a book while I watched television.
When you are talking about the future, use the present (not ‘will’) after while:
•I’ll be in London next week. I hope to see Tom while I’m there, (not ‘while I will be there’)
•What are you going to do while you are waiting? (not ‘while you will be waiting’) See also Unit 25.
For and since -> UNIT 12B |
While -ing -> UNlt 67B |
EXERCISES |
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1 1 8 . 1 Put in fo r or du ring . |
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1 It rained ...for., three days without stopping. |
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I fell asleep |
...during... |
the film. |
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I went to the theatre last night. I met Lucy............................ |
the interval. |
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Martin hasn’t lived in Britain all his life. He lived in Brazil........................... |
four years. |
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Production at the factory was seriously affected............................ |
the strike. |
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I felt really ill last week. I could hardly eat anything |
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three days. |
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I waited for you ............................. |
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half an hour and decided that you weren’t coming. |
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Sue was very angry with me. She didn’t speak to m e |
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a week. |
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We usually go out at weekends, but we don’t often go out............................ |
the week. |
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Jack started a new job a few weeks ago. Before that he was out of work............................. |
six |
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months. |
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11 |
I need a change. I think I’ll go aw ay |
a few days. |
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The President gave a long speech. She spoke............................. |
two hours. |
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We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn’t had anything to eat............................ |
the |
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journey. |
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We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn’t had anything to eat............................. |
eight |
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hours. |
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8 2 Put in during or while. |
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1 |
We met a lot of people |
...while... |
we were o‘n holiday. |
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2 |
We met a lot of people |
...during... |
our holiday. |
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3 |
I met M ike............................. |
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I was shopping. |
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4 |
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we were in Paris, we stayed at a very comfortable hotel. |
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our stay in Paris, we visited a lot of museums and galleries. |
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The phone |
rang.three times............................. |
we were having dinner. |
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The phone |
rang.three times............................. |
the night. |
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I had been away for many years................................... |
that time, many things had changed. |
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What did they say about m e............................ |
I was out of the room? |
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Jack read a lot of books and magazines............................. |
he was ill. |
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I went out for dinner last night. Unfortunately, I began to feel ill............................. |
the meal |
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and had to go home. |
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Please don’t interrupt m e............................. |
I’m speaking. |
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There were many interruptions............................ |
the President’s speech. |
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Can you lay the table............................ |
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I get the dinner ready? |
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We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn’t had anything to eat............................. |
we were |
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travelling. |
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Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. |
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I fell asleep while ... |
J .was. watching television,.. |
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I fell asleep during ... |
thefi|ni. |
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I hurt my arm while .............................................................................. |
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Can you wait here while........................................................................ |
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Most of the students looked bored during........................................... |
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I was asked a lot of questions during................................................... |
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Don’t open the car door while.............................................................. |
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8The lights suddenly went out during
9It started to rain during.............................................................................................................................
10 It started to rain while............................................................................
UNIT
1 1 8
237
By and until |
By the time |
By (+ a time) - ‘not later than’:
•I posted the letter today, so they should receive it by Monday. (= on or before Monday, not later than Monday)
•We’d better hurry. We have to be at home by 5 o’clock. (= at or before 5 o’clock, not later than 5 o’clock)
•Where’s Sue? She should be here by now. (= now or before now - so she should have arrived already)
This cheese should be used by 14 August.
You cannot use until with this meaning:
• Tell me by Friday whether or not you can come to the party, (not ‘Tell me until Frida\')
We use until (or till) to say how long a situation continues:
• ‘Shall we go now?’ ‘No, let’s wait until (or till) it stops raining.’
• I couldn’t get up this morning.
I stayed in bed until half past ten.
I didn’t get up until half past ten.
Compare until and by:
until
Something continues until a time in the future:
•Fred will be away until Monday, (so he’ll be back on Monday)
•I’ll be working until 11.30. (so I’ll stop working at 11.30)
by
Something happens by a time in the future:
•Fred will be back by Monday. (= he’ll be back not later than Monday)
•I’ll have finished my work by 11.30. (I’ll finish my work not later than 11.30)
You can say ‘by the time something happens’. Study these examples:
•It’s not worth going shopping now. By the time we get to the shops, they will be closed.
(= the shops will close between now and the time we get there)
•(from a letter) I’m flying to the United States this evening. So by the time you receive this letter, I’ll be in New York. (= I will arrive in New York between now and the time you receive this letter)
•Hurry up! By the time we get to the cinema, the film will already have started.
You can say ‘by the time something happened’ (for the past):
•Jane’s car broke down on the way to the party last night. By the time she arrived, most of the other guests had gone. (~ it took her a long time to get to the party and most of the guests went home during this time)
•I had a lot of work to do yesterday evening. I was very tired by the time I finished. (= it
took me a long time to do the work and I became more and more tired during this time)
•We went to the cinema last night. It took us a long time to find somewhere to park the car. By the time we got to the cinema, the film had already started.
Also by then or by that time:
•Jane finally arrived at the party at midnight, but by then (or by that time), most of the guests had gone.
Will be doing and will heve done -»■ UNIT 24 |
By (other uses) + UNITS 41B, 59B, 127 |
EXERCISES
119.1Make sentences with by.
1 I have to be at home not later than 5 o’clock I.haveto be at home by 5 o’clock.
2I have to be at the airport not later than 10.30. I have to be at the airport
3Let me know not later than Saturday whether you can come to the party.
Let me know .................................................................................................................
4Please make sure that you’re here not later than 2 o’clock.
Please.............................................................................................................................
5If we leave now, we should arrive not later than lunchtime.
119.2Put in by or until. ..........
1 |
Fred has gone away. He’ll be aw ay untij . Monday. |
2 |
Sorry, but I must go. I have to be at home ...by... 5 o’clock. |
3 I’ve been offered a job. I haven’t decided yet whether to accept it or not. I have to decide
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............................. |
Thursday. |
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4 |
I think I’ll w ait............................. |
Thursday before making a decision. |
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5 |
It’s too late to go shopping. The shops are only open............................. |
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5.30. They’ll be |
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closed............................. |
now. |
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6 |
I’d better pay the phone bill. It has to be paid |
............................. |
tomorrow. |
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7 |
Don’t pay the bill today. W ait.......................... |
tomorrow. |
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8 |
A: Have you finished redecorating your house? |
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B: Not yet. We hope to finish............................ |
the end of the week. |
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9 A: I’m going out now. I’ll be back at 4.30. Will you still be here? |
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B: I don’t think so. I’ll probably have gone out............................. |
then. |
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10 |
I’m moving into my new flat next week. I’m staying with a friend............................. |
then. |
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11 |
I’ve got a lot of work to do................................ |
the time I finish, it will be time to go to bed. |
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12 |
If you want to do the exam, you should enter........................... |
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3 April. |
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119.3Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use by or until.
1 Fred is away at the moment. He’ll be away |
...uutii Mpnday,.. |
2 Fred is away at the moment. He’ll be back |
....^.Monday... |
3I’m just going out. I won’t be very long. Wait here.......................................................................
4I’m going shopping. It’s 4.30 now. I won’t be very long. I’ll be back.......................................
5If you want to apply for the job, your application must be received...........................................
6Last night I watched TV ....................................................................................................................
119.4Read the situations and complete the sentences using By the time... .
1Jane was invited to a party but she got there much later than she intended.
...By.the time she.got to the party.. ? most of the other guests had gone.
2I had to catch a train but it took me longer than expected to get to the station.
............................................................................................................ my train had already gone.
3I saw two men who looked as if they were trying to steal a car. I called the police but it was some time before they arrived.
.................................................................................................., the two men had disappeared.
4A man escaped from prison last night. It was a long time before the guards discovered what had happened.
........................................................................................ , the escaped prisoner was miles away.
5I intended to go shopping after finishing my work. But I finished my work much later than
expected................................................................................. |
it was too late to go shopping. |
UNIT
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