Theme 6 Outstanding Foreign and Russian Doctors

From ancient time people studied human body and tried to treat various diseases. To begin with, it is worth mentioning an ancient outstanding physician and scientist Hippocrates. He was born in Greece in 460 or 459 B.C. and his name is still surrounded by an aureole of glory. Galen regarded him as “the wonderful inventor of all that is beautiful”. Hippocrates freed medicine from superstition. He established the fact that disease was a natural process and its symptoms were the reactions of the body to the disease. The chief function of the physician was to aid the natural forces of the body. Although we know very little of Hippocrates personality we have a complete exposition of his methods in the Hippocratic Collection or “Corpus Hippocraticum”. He created medicine on the basis of experience.

Our country is proud of its prominent doctors: N.I.Pirogov, I.P.Pavlov, S.P.Botkin, Bechterev, N.I.Burdenko. For centuries Russian medical science has accumulated knowledge in different brunches of medicine. The surgery is not an exception. The brightest representative of Russian surgery school is N.I.Pirogov. He was born in Moscow on November, 25, 1810.In1836 he became a professor of surgery. “There is no medicine without surgery and no surgery without anatomy” was his motto. The greatness of his work is in generalization of isolated ideas in surgery which he placed on a solid scientific basis. Pirogov created the “Topographic Anatomy” atlas which is still helping to train generations of surgeons. N.I.Pirogov was the first performed osteoplastic operation, operation on the intestines in cases of bullet wounds. The great surgeon was also the initiator of the extensive use of anesthesia during operations.

In the field of medicine and health protection, S.P. Botkin was an outstanding public figure. He was born on September 17, 1832. He graduated from the Medical faculty of the Moscow University in 1853. At the age of 28 he began working at the Medico-Surgical Academy in Petersburg. He worked during the epoch of the most rapid progress in natural science and physiology. He made every effort to turn clinical medicine into an exact science.S.P. Botkin is known as an exceptional therapeutist and a brilliant diagnostician. He was the first to advance the idea of an infectious origin of hepatitis. The term “Botkin’s disease” was introduced into medicine in 1940. One of his greatest scientific achievements was the theory of nervism – the most progressive theory in clinical medicine.

An outstanding English physician Alexander Fleming was born in 1881.He performed his research work at one of the hospitals in London and became interested in bacterial action and antibacterial drugs.Accidentally he discovered a substance which was not toxic to the tissues and stopped the growth of the most common pathogenic bacteria. Fleming called it “penicillin”. He was in the middle of his career when World War I began.He served in the Royal Army Medical Corp. In 1942 Fleming tried his own experiment. His friend was very ill, even dying. After several injections of penicillin the man was cured. It marked the beginning of penicillin treatment. Fleming received the Nobel Prize for his great discovery.

Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.

aureole	[΄ɔ:riəul]	ореол, сияние
regard	[ri΄g a:d]	считать
inventor	[in΄ventə]	изобретатель
profound	[prə΄faund]	мудрый
superstition	[sju:pə΄stiʃn]	суеверие
to aid	[eid]	помогать
experience	[iks΄piəriəns]	опыт
foundation	[faun΄deiʃn]	основа
generation	[ʤenə΄reiʃn]	поколение
anesthesia	[ænəs΄θi:ziə]	наркоз
epoch	[΄i:pɔk]	эпоха
diagnostician	[daiəgnəs΄tiʃn]	диагност
suppuration	[sʌpju΄reiʃn]	нагноение
carbonic acid	[ka:΄bɔnik]	угольная кислота
germ	[ʤə:m]	микроб
soak	[səuk]	всасывание
putrefaction	[pju:tri΄fækʃn]	гниение
eminence	[΄eminəns]	превосходство

Task 2.Find in the text the following words and word combinations,reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian.

1. to be worth mentioning

2. a profound investigator

3. natural process

4. a complete exposition

5. accumulated knowledge

6. Russian surgery

7. isolated ideas

8. osteoplastic operation

9. health protection

10. rapid progress

11. an exceptional therapeutist

12. a theory of nervism

13. bacterial action

14. pathogenic bacteria

15. the man was cured

Task 3.Answer the questions:

1. Who was Hippocrates?

2. What facts did Hippocrates establish?

3. What do we have in Hippocratic collection?

4. What do you know about N.I.Pirogov?

5. What did the greatness of Pirogov’s work consist in?

6. What kind of operations did Pirogovperform the first?

7. During what epoch did S.P.Botkin work?

8. Is he known as an exceptional therapeutist or a brilliant surgeon?

9. Where did A.Fleming do his research work in bacterial action?

10. What substance did he discover accidentally?

11. What for did he receive the Nobel Prize?

Task 4.Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.

Galen regarded him as “the wonderful inventor of all that is beautiful”.	Он знал пользу различных лекарств и был хорошим хирургом.
Hippocrates freed medicine from superstition.	Он был первым, использовавшим угольную кислоту для профилактики инфицирования ран.
He knew the use of many drugs and was also a good surgeon.	Гиппократ освободил медицину от предрассудков.
For thousand of years Russian medical science accumulated knowledge in different brunches of medicine.	Боткин известен как выдающийся терапевт и блестящий диагност.
The greatness of his work consisted in that he generalized isolated ideas.	Ценность его работы состоит в обобщении разрозненных знаний.
N.I.Pirogov was the first performed osteoplastic operation.	Гален считал его прекрасным изобретателем всего красивого.
Botkin is known as an exceptional therapeutist and a brilliant diagnostician.	Пирогов был первым, кто провел операцию по остеопластике.
He was the first to use carbonic acid to prevent germs from gaining access to wounds.	Тысячелетиями российская медицинская наука аккумулировала знания в различных областях медицины.
Alexander Fleming became interested in bacterial action and antibacterial drugs.	Он открыл вещество, названное «пенициллин».
He discovered a substance called “penicillin”.	А.Флеминг начал интересоваться действием бактерий и антибактериальными препаратами.

Task5. Translate the given sentences into Russian, close you books and translate them back into English.

1. An ancient outstanding physician and scientist Hippocrates was born in Greece in 460 or 459 B.C.

2. He was the most profound investigatorand acute observer; he was the head of the most flourishing medical school of his time.

3. He established the facts that disease was a natural process, that its symptoms were the reactions of the body to the disease.

4. He created medicine on the basis of experience.

5. The brightest representative of Russian surgery is N.I.Pirogov.

6. “There is no medicine without surgery and no surgery without anatomy” was his motto.

7. Pirogov created the atlas “Topographic Anatomy” which helped to train several generations of surgeons.

8. In the field of medicine and health protection, S.P. Botkin was an outstanding public figure.

9. He worked during the epoch of the most rapid progress in natural science and physiology.

10. The term “Botkin’s disease” was introduced into medicine in 1940.

11. Alexander Fleming became interested in bacterial action and antibacterial drugs.

Task6. Retell the text.