Theme 5 The Human Body

All medical students must know the structure of the human body perfectly well. Human body is a very complex system consisting of three chief parts: the head, the trunk and the limbs or extremities.

The frame of the body is the skeleton which is composed of more than 200 bones of various sizes and shapes. They give firm but flexible support to soft tissues, muscles and organs.

The skull is composed of 26 cranial and facial bones. The cranial part contains the brain. The facial bones form the face which consists of the forehead, the eyes the nose, the mouth, the cheeks, the ears and the chin. The ear includes 3 main parts: the external, the middle and the internal ear. The mouth has the upper and the lower lips. There are 2 jaws with teeth, the tongue and the palatein the mouth. The head is connected with the trunk by the neck.

The skeleton of the trunk consists of the spinal column (the spine) and the chest (the ribs and the breastbone).The trunk is divided into two cavities. The upper cavity (the chest) contains the heart, the lungs and the gullet (esophagus).The principal organs of the lower (abdominal) cavity are the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the gall-bladder, the kidneys, the bladder and the intestines.

The spine of an adult consists of 32 or 34vertebrae.They are divided into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebrae and the coccyx.

The chest (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12pairs of ribs.

The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder and is divided into the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. Each hand has 4 fingers and 1 thumb. The parts of the lower extremity are: the thigh (hip), the leg and the foot.

The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments.

The skeleton is covered with more than 400 muscles. Each has an arterial, venous, lymphatic and nervous supply as well as a connective tissue framework.

The skin is the upper layer of the skeleton (body).

There are several main systems of the body: the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine, the excretory and the reproductive.

The vital activities of the cells, tissues, organs and the whole organism are based on metabolism.

The regulation between various systems of organs can be demonstrated by the coordinated changes in their activities. Intensification of the activity of one organ or system of organs is accompanied by the changes in the other system.

Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.

trunk	[trʌŋk]	туловище
limb (extremity)	[ lim][ik΄streməti]	конечность
to be composed of	[kəm΄pəuzd]	состоять из
skull	[skʌl]	череп
cranial	[΄kreiniəl]	черепной
facial	[fei∫l]	лицевой
spinal column	[΄spainəl ΄kɔləm]	позвоночный столб
chest (thorax)	[ʧest] [θɔ:ræks)]	грудь
breastbone	[΄brestbəun]	грудина
thoracic	[θɔ: ΄ræsik]	грудной
vertebra (vertebrae)	[΄və:təbrə] [΄və:təbrei]	позвонок (позвонки)
coccyx	[΄kɔksiks]	копчик
supply	[sə΄plai]	питание
framework	[΄freimwə:k]	основа
to contain	[kən΄tein]	содержать
abdomen	[΄ æbdəmən]	живот
gullet (esophagus)	[gʌ΄lit] [i΄sɔfəgəs]	пищевод
spleen	[spli:n]	селезенка
gallbladder	[΄gɔ:lblædə]	желчный пузырь
bladder	[blædə]	мочевой пузырь
thumb	[θʌm]	большой палец руки
hip (thigh)	[hip] [θai ]	бедро
joint		сустав
cartilage		связка
ligament		сухожилие
forehead	[΄fɔ: rid]	лоб
chin	[ t∫in]	подбородок
external	[iks΄tə:nə]	внешний
tongue	[tʌŋ]	язык
palate	[΄pæ lit]	небо
to connect	[kə΄nekt]	соединять
neck	[nek]	шея

Task 2.Find the following words and word- combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian.

1. the structure of the human body

2. chief parts of the body

3. the skeleton is composed of

4. firm but flexible support

5. the spinal column and the chest

6. the principal organs

7. 32 or 34 vertebrae

8. is connected with the chest by

9. the parts of the lower extremity are

10. are connected by the cartilages and ligaments

11. each muscle has… supply

12. main systems of the body

13. are based on metabolism

14. the coordinated changes

15. is accompanied by

Task 3.Answer the questions.

1. What are the chief parts of the human body?

2. What is the skeleton composed of?

3. What parts of the skull do you know?

4. What bones form the trunk?

5. What organs does the upper cavity contain?

6. What are the principal organs of the lower cavity?

7. How many vertebrae are there in the spine?

8. How is the upper extremity connected with the chest?

9. What are the pats of the upper and the lower extremities?

10. What is the function of the cartilages and ligaments?

11. What is the skeleton covered with?

12. What are the main systems of the human body?

13. How can the regulation between the systems be demonstrated?

Task 4.Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents.

Human body is a very complex system consisting of three chief parts	Позвоночник взрослого человека состоит из 32-34 позвонков.
The base of the body is the skeleton	Шея соединяет голову с туловищем
The skull contains 26 cranial and facial bones.	Основа тела человека-скелет.
The head is connected with the trunk by the neck.	В организме есть несколько основных систем.
The skeleton of the trunk consists of the spinal column and the chest.	Кости скелета соединяются суставами.
The trunk is divided into two cavities.	Торс делится на две полости.
The spine of an adult consists of 32 or 34vertebrae.	Жизнедеятельность клеток, тканей, органов и организма в целом основана на метаболизме.
The upper extremity is connected with the chest by the shoulder	Скелет покрывают более 400 мышц.
The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints.	Взаимодействие между системами может быть продемонстрировано соответствующими изменениями в их деятельности.
The skeleton is covered with more than 400 muscles.	Скелет торса состоит из позвоночного столба и грудной клетки.
There are several main systems of the body.	Череп состоит из 26 черепных и лицевых костей.
The vital activities of the cells, tissues, organs and the whole organism are based on metabolism.	Организм человека- сложная система, состоящая из 3 частей.
The regulation between various systems of organs can be demonstrated by the coordinated changes in their activities.	Верхняя конечность (рука)соединена с грудной клеткой плечом.

Task 5.Translate the given sentences into Russian, close you books and translate them back into English.

1. All medical students must know the structure of the human body perfectly well.

2. The bones of various sizes and shapes give firm but flexible support to the soft tissues, muscles and organs.

3. The ear includes 3 main parts: the external ear, the middle ear, the internal ear. In the mouth there are 2 jaws with teeth, the tongue and the palate.

4. The trunk is divided into two cavities.

5. The principal organs of the lower (abdominal)cavity are the stomach, the liver, the spleen, the gall-bladder, the kidneys, the bladder and the intestines.

6. The vertebrae are divided into the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebrae and the coccyx.

7. The chest (thorax) is composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, the breastbone and 12pairs of ribs.

8. The parts of the lower extremity are: the thigh (hip), the leg and the foot.

9. The bones of the skeleton are connected together by the joints or by the cartilages and ligaments.

10. The skeleton is covered with more than 400 muscles.

11. The skin is the upper layer of the skeleton (body).

12. The vital activities of the cells, tissues, organs and the whole organism are based on metabolism.

Task 6.Retell the text.