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Theme 8

Influenza and Other Infectious Diseases

Infectious disease is understood in medicine as a process caused by microorganisms impairing a person’s health. An infection is the invasion of and replication in the body various microbial agents.

Influenza, more commonly known as flu, is a viral infection that's most common during the winter months and can cause fever, headache, cough, sore throat and muscle aches - as well as more dangerous complications. It occurs when people breathe in liquid droplets containing the influenza virus that has been sneezed or coughed into the air, or when people touch objects contaminated with the virus. Influenza viruses cause the flu and are divided into three types, designated A, B, and C. Most people who get the flu recover completely in one or two weeks, but some people develop serious and potentially life-threatening medical complications which can occur at any age.

Influenza is different from the common cold, in which the symptoms tend to come on gradually, usually affecting only the nose. Cold is characterized by a “running nose”, coughing, and sneezing. The illness may be accompanied by laryngitis or bronchitis, and may predispose to bacterial infections of the ear, particularly in children (“otitis media”). Cold weather does not “cause” colds but infected people do.

An influenza vaccine is not 100% effective and it must be re-administered every year to maximize protection. The best way to avoid flu or cold is to keep your immune system strong by eating a healthy diet, taking regular exercise, getting enough rest and relaxation and avoid smoking. If it is possible, you should stay away from people who are coughing and sneezing. Antibiotics are of no use in treating the flu. Anti-viral medication is usually prescribed by a GP for some people of risk groups. It is to be taken early to stop the virus multiplying, and may only reduce the symptoms rather than treating the infection.

Germs called viruses and bacteria can cause different diseases e.g. meningitis, scarlet fever and others. Inflammation of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, is known as meningitis. While viral infection causes a relatively mild illness, bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening condition that demands immediate antibiotics treatment.

Scarlet fever, also called scarlatina,is an acute infectious disease caused by streptococcal bacteria. It is called so because of the red skin rash that accompanies it. A sore throat is the main characteristic of this disease. Scarlet fever can affect people of all ages, but it is most often seen in children. Before the antibiotics were invented, scarlet fever was an extremely serious, long lasting disease with many dangerous complications, and even death. Children with scarlet fever used to be immediately isolated and quarantined. Recovery is rapid and complete when antibiotics are administered promptly.

Rubella (German measles) is not usually considered as a serious illness in children or adults, but it can cause birth defects or the loss of a fetus if a mother becomes infectedin the early stage of pregnancy. Rubella was distinguished from more serious infectious diseases in the early 19th century. The rubella virus was first isolated in 1962, and a vaccine became available in 1969.

Only in certain individuals natural immunity to infectious diseases may exist. An artificial immunity is known to result from prophylactic vaccination, which is carried out against a number of infectious diseases in our country.

Task 1. Learn the following words and word combinations.

various microbial agents

['vɛərɪəs][maɪ'krəubɪəl]

'eɪʤ(ə)nts]

различные

liquid droplets

['lɪkwɪd]['drɔpləts]

жидкие капельки

common cold

['kɔmən][kəuld]

обычная простуда

vaccine must be

readministered

['væksi:n][mʌst][bi:]

[ֽrɪəd'mɪnɪstəd]

вакцинадолжнаназначатьсянеоднократно

meninges

[mə'ninʤəz]

мягкиемозговыеоболочки

meningitis

[ֽmenɪn'ʤaɪtɪs]

менингит

complication

[ֽkɔmplɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]

осложнение

to cough and sneeze

[kɔf][sni:z]

кашлятьичихать

invasion

[ɪn'veɪʒ(ə)n]

проникновение

measles

['mi:zlz]

корь

predispose

[ֽpri:dɪ'spəuz]

предрасполагать

to be resistant

[bi:][rɪ'zɪst(ə)nt]

бытьустойчивым

scarlet fever

['skɑːlət]['fi:və]

скарлатина

rubella

[ru:'belə]

краснуха

to be isolated

[bi:]['aɪsəleɪtɪd]

бытьвыделенным (хим.)

fetus

['fi:təs]

плод (гинеколог.)

Task2.Find the following words and word- combinations in the text, reproduce the context they are used in and translate it into Russian:

  1. infectious diseases,

  2. cause dangerous complications,

  3. may be accompanied by,

  4. the best way to avoid flu or cold

  5. bacterial infection of the ear,

  6. anti-viral medication

  7. people of risk groups

  8. inflammation of the meninges,

  9. caused by streptococcal bacteria,

  10. antibiotics are administered promptly

  11. an artificial immunity

Task3.Answer the questions:

  1. What is understood as an infectious disease in medicine?

  2. What agents can an infection be caused by?

  3. What types of influenza can you name?

  4. What complications can flu cause?

  5. What is the best way to avoid getting cold or flu?

  6. What germs cause meningitis?

  7. Why scarlet fever was a very dangerous disease before the advent of antibiotics?

  8. When was the rubella virus first isolated?

  9. When did the rubella vaccine become available?

  10. What methods help to prevent the spread of infectious diseases?

Task4.Match the English sentences to their Russian equivalents:

  1. An infection is the invasion and replication in the body by any of various microbial agents.

  1. Грипп вызывает вирус гриппа и он подразделяется на три типа: A,B,C.

  1. The real significance of bacteria comes in the fact that we are living in a world filled with them.

  1. Известно, что искусственный иммунитет вырабатывается в результате профилактической вакцинации, которая в нашей стране проводится против многих инфекционных заболеваний.

  1. Influenza viruses cause the flu and are divided into three types, designated A, B, and C.

  1. Холодная погода не вызывает простуду, ее причиной являются инфицированные люди.

  1. An artificial immunity is known to result from prophylactic vaccination, which is carried out against a number of infectious diseases in our country.

  1. Истинное значение бактерий вытекает из того факта, что мы живем в мире, наполненном бактериями.

  1. Cold weather does not ‘’cause’’ colds, infected people cause colds.

  1. Инфекция- это внедрение и размножение в организме каких-либо микробов.

  1. Viral and bacterial meningitis enter the body through the upper respiratory tract.

  1. Вирус краснухи впервые был выделен в 1962г, а вакцина была создана в 1969.

  1. We can often meet scarlet fever with children and only sometimes in grown-ups.

  1. Вирусный и бактериальный менингит проникает через верхние дыхательные пути.

  1. Scarlet fever is an acute infectious disease caused by streptococcal bacteria.

  1. Инфекционное заболевание – это процесс, вызываемый микроорганизмом, который повреждает здоровье людей.

  1. The rubella virus was first isolated in 1962, and a vaccine was made available in 1969.

  1. Скарлатина- это острое инфекционное заболевание, которое вызывает стрептококковая бактерия.

  1. Infectious disease is a process caused by a microorganism that impairs a person’s health.

  1. Скарлатина часто встречается у детей и очень редко у взрослых.

Task5.Translate he given sentences into Russian, close your book and translate them back into English:

  1. Respiratoryinfections stand as the third death cause.

  2. Tuberculosis is still a life-threatening infectious disease in the world.

  3. Flu-related complications can occur at any age. However, the elderly and people with chronic health problems are much more likely to develop serious complications.

  4. Cold is characterized by a ‘’running nose”, coughing, and sneezing and may be accompanied by laryngitis or bronchitis.

  5. The best way to avoid getting flu or cold is to keep your immune system strong eating a healthy diet and taking regular exercise.

  6. Inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord is known as meningitis.

  7. Scarlet fever can affect people of all ages, but it is most often seen in children.

  8. Children with scarlet fever used to be immediately isolated and quarantined.

  9. Rubella (German measles) is a viral disease with a mild and benign activity in most people.

  10. Symptoms of both viral and bacterial meningitis are the same: muscle pain,fever, stiff neck, nausea and a headache.

Task6.Retell the text.