2. Сравните данные пары предложений и переведите их на русский язык.

1. Having been dried wheat was transported to the elevator. Wheat having been dried, it became necessary to transport it to the elevator. 2. If stored properly grain can be kept at an elevator for years. Grain being properly stored, no spoilage of its quality is observed. 3. Being grown under diverse conditions cereals greatly differ in appearance and characteristics. Cereals being grown under diverse conditions, their appearance and characteristics vary greatly. 4. When introduced into milling machines made this process quicker and easier. Machines being introduced into milling, this process became quicker and easier. 5. Having been enriched with vitamins the flour was used for the production of special bread. The flour having been enriched with vitamins, the baked bread became more nutritive.

3. Пользуясь моделью, переведите данные предложения на русский язык (см. Примечание на стр. 24).

Wheat is one of the oldest cereals, its cultivation in prehistoric times being proved by many facts. - Пшеница является одной из древнейших зерновых культур, причем ее разведение в доисторические времена подтверждается многими фактами.

1. An elevator consists of bins, their number ranging from four to several dozens. 2. Most of elevators and other types of storages are constructed from steel and timber, the building material mostly depending on their design. 3. Bins are built from different materials, steel being used for large ones. 4. Improper storage of cereals causes some changes in their chemical composition, the spoilage of protein being one of the most important. 5. Cereals are cultivated all over the world, wheat being most widely grown.

4. Укажите номера предложений, содержащих независимый причастный оборот и переведите их.

1. Having been brought to Europe cereals got great popularity. 2. Cereals being used as one of the main foods (staples), their cultivation is very significant. 3. Raising the quantity of cereal products one should not forget about improving their quality. 4. When kept at big elevators grain is commonly stored in bulk. 5. Rye being less exact (capricious) to soil or climate conditions, people widely cultivate this cereal crop. 6. While storing grain at elevators one should control temperature and humidity levels. 7. When introducing machinery people can mechanize different operations in milling and breadmaking. 8. Maize being utilized not only as a food but also as the raw material for industrial products, its cultivation is of great importance. 9. When refined by machines cereals are deficient in minerals and vitamins in comparison with those refined by hand. 10. Bread dough is composed of many ingredients, flour being the principal constituent because of the presence of gluten in it.

5. Переведите на английский язык данные предложения, используя причастные обороты.

1. Прослеживая развитие выращивания пшеницы, мы видим, что это одна из старейших злаковых культур. 2. Изучив состав злаковых, селекционеры обнаружили их большую питательную ценность. 3. Внедряя машины, люди могут механизировать различные операции размольного процесса. 4. Внедряя машины, люди сумели сделать процесс помола быстрее и легче. 5. Так как пшеница выращивается в различных условиях почвы, климата и родословной, она сильно различается по внешнему виду и характеристикам. 6. Так как питательная ценность злаковых является очень высокой, злаковые широко культивируются во всем мире. 7. Многие зерновые используются в производстве хлеба, причем пшеница является наиболее подходящей.

TEXT B₂ “FLOUR PRODUCING OPERATIONS”

1. Прочитайте текст и разделите его на логические части.

2. Найдите абзац, в котором отмечается, что для производства хлеба используют сильную муку.

3. Перечислите по-английски:

а) этапы деятельности мукомола

б) оборудование, используемое в мукомольном процессе.

Bread is made principally from wheat, and there are numerous botanical species¹ and varieties of wheat. There are spring and winter wheats which define the season following planting².

There are the terms “soft” wheat and “hard” wheat. Soft wheat is low in protein, yields a “weak” flour, and is better suited to the manufacture of cakes and cookies. Hard wheat is higher in protein, yields “strong” flour, and is used in bread making. We say strong flour because the higher protein content yields a strong elastic dough, so necessary to hold carbon dioxide produced by yeast and other leavening gases.

Wheat to produce bread must first be ground into flour, and this milling process is based on the structure of the wheat kernel. In making flour we are interested in removing the outer layer of the wheat kernel known as the bran and the lower portion or germ which is high in fat, and then recovering (извлечением) the starchy, proteinaceous central portion, the endosperm. The composition of wheat will vary greatly, for example, the protein content may range anywhere from 7 to 18 % and so the composition of flour made from wheat will vary greatly.

The miller carries our the following steps: 1) receives and stores the wheat; 2) cleans the wheat of soil and weed seeds; 3) tempers or conditions³ the wheat (adjusts moisture for best milling); 4) mills wheat into flour and its by-products; 5) blends batches of flour for desired properties; 6) stores the finished product.

The actual milling is done with a roller mill⁴ equipped with several sets⁵ of rollers. The first rollers are called break rollers⁶ since they break open the kernel. These are followed by sifters⁷ which remove endosperm from bran and germ. Subsequent rollers are set closer together and are called reduction rolls⁸ since they grind still finer. These two are followed by sifters to separate the ground endosperm or flour.

The breadmaking properties of flour and dough will depend on such characteristics as flour moisture, protein, ash, fibre, and fat contents; particle size; and protein quality.

¹ species (pl.) – вид (в ботанике)

² planting - посев

³ to temper = to condition – кондиционировать (поддерживать определенную влажность)

⁴ roller – валок; roller mill – вальцевая мельница

⁵ set – комплект; to set – устанавливать

⁶ break roller – дранной валок

⁷ sifter – просеивающая машина

⁸ reduction rolls – размольные вальцевые станки

Письменно переведите текст С₂на русский язык.

TEXT C₂ “GRAIN STORAGE”

A few generations ago wheat was universally stored in bags, but this system involved much labour. The introduction of belt conveyers and elevators made practicable the building of granaries or silos for storing grain in bulk¹ and bulk storage² is today the accepted practics.

Types of silos. A silo consists of a nest of deep bins arranged in rows, the number of bins ranging from four or five in the smallest silos up to several dozens in the largest. The bins are sometimes square or hexagonal, but large bins are usually circular. The bin bottoms are hoppered³ and fitted with outlet valves.

The concentration of the weight of a large quantity of grain together with the weight of the silo structure on a relatively small area gives rise to abnormally high ground pressure; thus silos need solid well-designed foundations. The building itself must also be very strong, as the wheat imposes high bursting stresses on the bin walls. Silos can be built of reinforced concrete, reinforced brick, steel plate or timber, but, except for small and simple silos, reinforced concrete has outstanding advantages and is almost invariably used.

Timber is often appropriate for small bins and therefore it is seldom used. Steel is often cheap and convenient only for a small number of large bins. Steel transmits changes of temperature too easily and may injure the grain by internal sweating of the bins.

¹ in bulk – насыпью, навалом

² bulk storage – бестарное хранение

³ hoppered – конусообразный

UNIT 3. CONFECTIONERY PRODUCTION