- •Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics Four Branches of Phonetics
- •Daughter - d:tə
- •The plural suffix
- •Leaf – leaves
- •Branches of Phonetics
- •Modern functional Phonetics
- •Occlusive (смычный)
- •Occlusive
- •Ship – sheep
- •[Ph] – aspirated
- •National varieties of the English language
- •Often – [fən] and [ftən]
- •Liverpool accent has a great popularity now (because of association with the Beatles)
- •Cockney accent (uneducated English people accent)
- •Standard Scottish pronunciation
- •Initial [p,t,k] are usually non-aspirated]
- •American English Pronunciation
- •The peculiarities:
- •Intervocalic [t] consonant is most normally may be voiced. The result is neutralization of the distinction between voiceless [t] and voiced [d]
- •In some words [t] may be omit (dropped out)
- •In ga [] is used in most words in which the letter “a” is followed by a consonant except “r” (in rp [α:] is used)
- •In the words “long” and “strong” [] is labialized.
- •In words of French origin ga tends to have stress on the final syllable
- •Intonation differences:
- •Modifications of sounds in connected speech
- •Vowel reduction
- •Locked – [lokt]
- •Sandwich – [snwit]
- •Last time – [lα:stαim]
- •He [hi: - hi -hı] (I know that he will do it)
- •Too [tu:], [t] is a bit labialized
- •Вздрогнуть, вскрикнуть, кстати
- •Extra – ['ekstr] – 2 syllables
- •Standing – ['stndi] – 2 syllables
- •Science – ['sai-ns], flower – [fla-]
- •Come – 1 syllable, family – 3 syllables, unintelligibility – 8 syllables Functional characteristics of a syllable
- •A name – an aim
- •Police, machine, garage
- •Open the books on page 14/ 40
- •HOspitable-hospItable (both correct)
- •Industry-indUstry
- •'Молодец - моло'дец
- •It’s summer
- •I don’t know high pre-head
- •I saw my friend yesterday.
- •Good evening – greeting (low fall) Good evening – saying “goodbye” (low rise)
- •Ex: ΄How ΄do you ΄think we ΄ought to start?
- •Ex: ΄How do you think we ought to start?
- •Ex: I don’t know what to-o-o say.
- •Phonostylistics
- •Ex: Dr.Jonson talks like a doctor → he is likely to be at hospital; at home – husband
- •Ex: Old people speak and are spoken to in a different way with young people. Elderly female – high pitch voice. We generally use higher pitch when talk to children.
- •Verbal “fillers”
- •Introductory fillers
- •Introductory fillers
- •I think | this is a grow intendancy among the teenagers.
- •I would agree with you | except for one thing
- •I have an impression | that there are some people who will approve it differently
- •It undoubtedly | -er- presents –er- a huge problem.
- •I think, I guess, perhaps, obviously, clearly
- •I think it’s true to say that …
- •Come and see me tomorrow. Read and retell text 5.
- •They painted the table pale grey Come and see me tomorrow That’s the very man who had a felt hat on
- •Read text sixteen
- •Угол – уголь
- •Methods of phonological analyses
Liverpool accent has a great popularity now (because of association with the Beatles)
The advanced RP mostly reflects typical changes in pronunciation. Some of its features may be results of temporary fashion, but some of them are adopt as a norm.
RP is considered to be teaching norm in many countries, including Russia because of:
The degree of understandability of RP
The extend of RP investigation
The number of textbooks and audio-visual aids
The fact that RP is compared with the pronunciation of the language and described in text books.
When we speak that RP is regionless we cannot tell from which area of Britain the speaker comes from. All the English-speaking nations have their own standard of pronunciation, which may have educated regional and uneducated local types of pronunciation.
Cockney accent (uneducated English people accent)
It is the speech of working class areas. The brightest example – the film “My fair lady”.
Vowels:
[][i]
Blood - [bld][blid]
[][] or [i]
Bag – [bg][bg] or [big]
[i] in the final position sounds as [i:]
City – [siti] [siti:]
[:] in the final position sounds as [:ə]
Paw - [p:] [p:ə]
[ei] [i] or [αi]
Lady - [leidi] [lidi:] or [lαidi:]
[] []
Note - [nt] [nt]
[α] [ə]
Now - [nα] [nə]
Consonants:
The contrast between [] and [f] is lost
Thin – [in] [fin]
Booth - [bu:] [bu:f]
[] [v]
Weather – [weə] [wevə]
[] in the beginning is dropped (исчезает) or turns into [d]
This – [is] [is] or [dis]
[] [n] or [ink] in the word final position
Dancing - [dα:nsi] [dα:nsin]
Something – [smi] [smfink]
Nothing - [ni] [nfink]
[p, t, k] are heavily aspirated
Actually they may be distinguished the cultivated region types. So in the British Isles there are 3 main types:
Southern English Pronunciation (RP)
Northern English Pronunciation (between Birghminham and border of Scotland)
The standard Scottish pronunciation
So the influence of Scotch accent is very noticeable. By the way, northern type of English Pronunciation represents the earlier type.
Newcastle accent differs in the following:
[][]
Love - [lv][lv]
Cup - [kp][kp]
Much
[i][i:]
City - [siti][siti:]
[α:] []
Dance - [dα:ns] [dns]
Chance
Answer
Aunt
[ei] [e:]
Plate - [pleit] [ple:t]
May - [mei] [me:]
Take - [teik] [te:k]
Words that have “al” in spelling [α:]
Talk - [tα:k]
Call - [kα:l]
All - [α:l]
[:][:]
First - [f:st][f:st] first – forced become homonyms
Shirt - [:t][ :t] shirt – short (омонимы)
[α] []
About - [ebαt] [ebt]
[] [α]
Back - [bk] [bαk]
Bad - [bd] [bαd]
Man - [mn] [mαn]
Consonants:
“ing” [in]
Shilling – [ili] [ilin]
Dancing - [dα:nsi] [dnsin]
[p, t, k] between vowels are accompanied by glottal stops
Pity – [piti] [piti:]
Standard Scottish pronunciation
Some linguists say it’s just a dialect, but some say it is a national variant. Educated people speak a form of Scottish English although with an obvious Scottish accent. Non-standard dialects of Scotland are radically different from other varieties.
The most important differences concerning vowels:
Monophtonges followed by “r” sound are pronounced instead of diphthongs.
Here – [hir]
Beer – [bir]
Beard – [bird]
Poor – [pu:r]
[] instead of [α]
Glass – [gls]
Ask – [sk]
After – [ftə]
[α] instead of []
Bad – [bαd]
Man – [mαn]
[] and [] sometimes are not distinguished
Not – [nt] become homonyms
Note - [nt] (омонимы)
Length is not a distinguish feature
Pool – [pu:l]
Pull – [pul]
Cot – [ct]
Caught – [c:t]
All of them are pronounced identically
Consonants:
Cluster (сцепление звуков) is used with initial diagraph (диграф)
“wh” [hw]
Which
[w] & [hw] = [M] (так обозначается)
Are not identical
Which – witch
Rolled, trilled (раскатистая; Russian type) [r] is used instead of [r] in all positions
More
Beer
Born
Price