- •Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics Four Branches of Phonetics
- •Daughter - d:tə
- •The plural suffix
- •Leaf – leaves
- •Branches of Phonetics
- •Modern functional Phonetics
- •Occlusive (смычный)
- •Occlusive
- •Ship – sheep
- •[Ph] – aspirated
- •National varieties of the English language
- •Often – [fən] and [ftən]
- •Liverpool accent has a great popularity now (because of association with the Beatles)
- •Cockney accent (uneducated English people accent)
- •Standard Scottish pronunciation
- •Initial [p,t,k] are usually non-aspirated]
- •American English Pronunciation
- •The peculiarities:
- •Intervocalic [t] consonant is most normally may be voiced. The result is neutralization of the distinction between voiceless [t] and voiced [d]
- •In some words [t] may be omit (dropped out)
- •In ga [] is used in most words in which the letter “a” is followed by a consonant except “r” (in rp [α:] is used)
- •In the words “long” and “strong” [] is labialized.
- •In words of French origin ga tends to have stress on the final syllable
- •Intonation differences:
- •Modifications of sounds in connected speech
- •Vowel reduction
- •Locked – [lokt]
- •Sandwich – [snwit]
- •Last time – [lα:stαim]
- •He [hi: - hi -hı] (I know that he will do it)
- •Too [tu:], [t] is a bit labialized
- •Вздрогнуть, вскрикнуть, кстати
- •Extra – ['ekstr] – 2 syllables
- •Standing – ['stndi] – 2 syllables
- •Science – ['sai-ns], flower – [fla-]
- •Come – 1 syllable, family – 3 syllables, unintelligibility – 8 syllables Functional characteristics of a syllable
- •A name – an aim
- •Police, machine, garage
- •Open the books on page 14/ 40
- •HOspitable-hospItable (both correct)
- •Industry-indUstry
- •'Молодец - моло'дец
- •It’s summer
- •I don’t know high pre-head
- •I saw my friend yesterday.
- •Good evening – greeting (low fall) Good evening – saying “goodbye” (low rise)
- •Ex: ΄How ΄do you ΄think we ΄ought to start?
- •Ex: ΄How do you think we ought to start?
- •Ex: I don’t know what to-o-o say.
- •Phonostylistics
- •Ex: Dr.Jonson talks like a doctor → he is likely to be at hospital; at home – husband
- •Ex: Old people speak and are spoken to in a different way with young people. Elderly female – high pitch voice. We generally use higher pitch when talk to children.
- •Verbal “fillers”
- •Introductory fillers
- •Introductory fillers
- •I think | this is a grow intendancy among the teenagers.
- •I would agree with you | except for one thing
- •I have an impression | that there are some people who will approve it differently
- •It undoubtedly | -er- presents –er- a huge problem.
- •I think, I guess, perhaps, obviously, clearly
- •I think it’s true to say that …
- •Come and see me tomorrow. Read and retell text 5.
- •They painted the table pale grey Come and see me tomorrow That’s the very man who had a felt hat on
- •Read text sixteen
- •Угол – уголь
- •Methods of phonological analyses
Ship – sheep
full – fool
The meaning is different
If an allophone of the phoneme is replaced by an allophone of the same phoneme – phonetic mistake.
[teibl] – [тeible]
table – тейбл
A foreign accent. The meaning is the same.
Thus phonological mistakes distort (уродуют) the meaning, phonetic mistakes betray (выдают) our foreign accent. Vowel length is irrelevant, quality is relevant. Aspiration is irrelevant.
All the phonemes of the language form a system of phonological oppositions, in which all the phonemes can be opposed to each other in at least one pair of words. So phonemes are capable of distinguishing the meaning of words (tea-sea), grammatical forms (man-men), morphemes (морфемы) (sleeper [ə], sleepy [i]) and even sentences ([ht] – хижина – hut, [hα:t] – сердце – heart. Sorry I have no room for you in my heart (hut)).
Thus phonemes are capable in distinguishing the meaning, and it is the main function of a phoneme.
There are 2 types of transcription:
Phonological
Phonetic
Phonological transcription can be called “broad”. Phonetic is called “narrow”. The “broad” transcription provides special symbols for all the phonemes of different languages. This type was given by Daniel Jones (British scholar). Our professor Васильев introduced 3 new symbols:
[I] – i; [] – o, ; [] – u
It’s a powerful visual aid, very convenient. The “broad” type Is used in teaching for pedagogical purpose. The “narrow” type provides special symbols for all the allophones, every allophone is particular.
[Ph] – aspirated
This type is mainly used in research work, occasionally is applied in teaching.
Лекция 3
to govern - управлять
orthoepic - орфоэпический
to undergo changes – подвергать изменениям
to be subject to – быть подвергнутым
to attach prestige – придавать значимость
cockney – кокни
National varieties of the English language
Standards in pronunciation
English dialects
Received pronunciation
More than 300 million people speak English as the first language. It’s the national language of Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, the greater part of Canada. Besides it’s native for many people who live in Malta, India, Israel. Though every national variant has some differences in pronunciation, lexics and grammar; they all have much in common, which gives us ground to speak of one and the same language.
National language is the language of a nation. Standard pronunciation is the pronunciation which is governed by the orthoepic norm. It’s the pronunciation of educated people. It’s used by radio and TV and what is more it’s recorded in pronunciation dictionary as the “correct” pronunciation. Language is a living body, so standards are not fixed, they undergo constant changes. Pronunciation is subjects to all kinds of innovations. Consequently some pronunciation forms which once were acceptable may become obsolete (устаревший) and vise-verse some “new fashions” in pronunciation maybe entered in the inventory of standard pronunciation.