- •Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics Four Branches of Phonetics
- •Daughter - d:tə
- •The plural suffix
- •Leaf – leaves
- •Branches of Phonetics
- •Modern functional Phonetics
- •Occlusive (смычный)
- •Occlusive
- •Ship – sheep
- •[Ph] – aspirated
- •National varieties of the English language
- •Often – [fən] and [ftən]
- •Liverpool accent has a great popularity now (because of association with the Beatles)
- •Cockney accent (uneducated English people accent)
- •Standard Scottish pronunciation
- •Initial [p,t,k] are usually non-aspirated]
- •American English Pronunciation
- •The peculiarities:
- •Intervocalic [t] consonant is most normally may be voiced. The result is neutralization of the distinction between voiceless [t] and voiced [d]
- •In some words [t] may be omit (dropped out)
- •In ga [] is used in most words in which the letter “a” is followed by a consonant except “r” (in rp [α:] is used)
- •In the words “long” and “strong” [] is labialized.
- •In words of French origin ga tends to have stress on the final syllable
- •Intonation differences:
- •Modifications of sounds in connected speech
- •Vowel reduction
- •Locked – [lokt]
- •Sandwich – [snwit]
- •Last time – [lα:stαim]
- •He [hi: - hi -hı] (I know that he will do it)
- •Too [tu:], [t] is a bit labialized
- •Вздрогнуть, вскрикнуть, кстати
- •Extra – ['ekstr] – 2 syllables
- •Standing – ['stndi] – 2 syllables
- •Science – ['sai-ns], flower – [fla-]
- •Come – 1 syllable, family – 3 syllables, unintelligibility – 8 syllables Functional characteristics of a syllable
- •A name – an aim
- •Police, machine, garage
- •Open the books on page 14/ 40
- •HOspitable-hospItable (both correct)
- •Industry-indUstry
- •'Молодец - моло'дец
- •It’s summer
- •I don’t know high pre-head
- •I saw my friend yesterday.
- •Good evening – greeting (low fall) Good evening – saying “goodbye” (low rise)
- •Ex: ΄How ΄do you ΄think we ΄ought to start?
- •Ex: ΄How do you think we ought to start?
- •Ex: I don’t know what to-o-o say.
- •Phonostylistics
- •Ex: Dr.Jonson talks like a doctor → he is likely to be at hospital; at home – husband
- •Ex: Old people speak and are spoken to in a different way with young people. Elderly female – high pitch voice. We generally use higher pitch when talk to children.
- •Verbal “fillers”
- •Introductory fillers
- •Introductory fillers
- •I think | this is a grow intendancy among the teenagers.
- •I would agree with you | except for one thing
- •I have an impression | that there are some people who will approve it differently
- •It undoubtedly | -er- presents –er- a huge problem.
- •I think, I guess, perhaps, obviously, clearly
- •I think it’s true to say that …
- •Come and see me tomorrow. Read and retell text 5.
- •They painted the table pale grey Come and see me tomorrow That’s the very man who had a felt hat on
- •Read text sixteen
- •Угол – уголь
- •Methods of phonological analyses
Вздрогнуть, вскрикнуть, кстати
(Here we deal with the CCC syllable type with four initial consonants)
The complexity of the syllable as a phonetic phenomenon gave rise to many theories, different points of view on syllable formation:
The most ancient. There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels. This theory considered to be rather primitive and insufficient because it doesn’t take into consideration consonants which also can form syllables in some languages. Neither doesn’t it explain the boundary of syllable.
Expiratory theory states that there are as many syllables in a word as there are expiration pulses. According to it the border line between the syllables is the moment of the weakest expiration. But this theory seems to be inconsistent (непоследовательный), because it’s quite possible to pronounce several syllables in one articulatory effort.
The sonority theory states that there are as many syllables in a word as there are peaks of prominence or sonority. Otto Jasperson established the scale of sonority of sound – the scale of inherent prominence. According to it the most sonorous are back vowels, semi-vowels and sonorants, then go voiced and voiceless consonants. Normally the sounds are grouped around the most sonorous ones which form the peaks of sonority in the syllable.
Melt [melt] – the most sonorous, the only peak, so it’s a 1-syllable word
Metal [me tl] – two peaks of sonority, because it’s a 2-syllable word
Sudden [sdn] – the most sonorous; nasal sonorant forms the second of prominence
[s], [d] – sounds of low sonority, so it cannot be considered as syllable forming sounds.
The sonority theory helps to establish the number of syllables, but it fails to explain the mechanism of syllable division because it doesn’t state to which syllable the weak sound at the boundary of two syllables belongs.
“The arc of loudness” theory is based on Sherba’s statement that the centre of the syllable is the syllable-forming sounds. Sounds which precede or follow it constitute a chain (or an arc) which is weak at the beginning and in the end and strong in the middle. If a syllable consists of a vowel its strength increases in the beginning then reaches the maximum of loudness and the gradually decreases (extraordinary). In terms of this theory there’re as many syllables in a word as there are arcs of loudness. And the point of syllable division corresponds to the moment when the arc of loudness begins or ends. According to it the syllable could be thought of as an arc of loudness which correlates with the arc of articulatory effort. None of the theories are reliable in the definition of the syllable boundary. It’s one thing to be able to count the number of syllables, but it’s another thing to decide where the boundaries between the syllables should go. English is full of cases when alternative analyses are possible.
Extra – ['ekstr] – 2 syllables
It is unlikely [e+ kstr], [ekstr+]
['ek+str], ['eks+tr], ['ekst+r] are quite natural