Лекция 1
outline - план
subject matter – тема обсуждения
branch – раздел
utterance – высказывание
peculiarity – особенность
separate - отдельный
meaning – значение
phenomenon – явление
sequence –последовательность
to convey – передавать
to consider – рассматривать
to take into consideration – принимать во внимание
to be connected with – рассматривать
to be concerned with – рассматривать
to deal with – иметь дело с
to state – заявлять
to characterize – характеризовать
to differentiate – дифференцировать, проводить различия
to distinguish – различать
to define – давать определение, определять
to determine – определять, устанавливать
to view – рассматривать
to concern – заниматься ч-л, касаться ч-л
to dwell upon – подробно останавливаться
to investigate – исследовать
to observe – наблюдать, замечать
to analyse – анализировать
to apply – применять, употреблять
voiced consonant – звонкий согласный
voiceless consonant – глухой согласный
syllable - слог
Phonetics as a Branch of Linguistics Four Branches of Phonetics
“Phonetics” is of Greek origin. It’s a subject matter dealing with voice and sounds (roughly speaking).
Phonetics came into existence long ago. It’s a part of Linguistics standing side by side with Lexicology and Grammar. Phonetics is a basis of all the other disciplines. Why is it of great importance? Because, first of all, we must pronounce the words to convey any message. It’s concerned with human noises by which the thought is actualized. Phonetics studies the sound system of the language. The Phonetic structure of the language consists of the components:
The sound sequence
Word stress
Syllable structure
Intonation
Phonetics is the most fundamental branch of Linguistics. Neither Linguistic theory nor Linguistic practice can do without Phonetics. That’s why Phonetics is an independent branch of Linguistics like Lexicology, Grammar or Stylistics. And thus it claims to be of equal importance with them.
As is known Phonetics is connected with non-linguistic sciences as well – physiology, psychology, logic.
The connection with Grammar, Lexicology and Stylistics is exercised (проявляется) through orthography (орфография), which in its' turn is very closely connected with Phonetics.
Phonetics formulates the rules of pronunciation of separate sounds and sound groups, for example:
Daughter - d:tə
“au” - :
“ght” - t
“er” - ə
So through the system of reading rules Phonetics is connected with Grammar and helps to pronounce correctly
Singular and plural forms of nouns:
The plural suffix
“S”
s z iz
shops a) bags, trains boxes, foxes, noses
books dolls, dogs, hands strawberries
looks b) bees, plays, flowers
after voiceless a) after voiced consonants after “x”
consonants b) after vowels
Past tense forms of regular verbs:
“ed”
t d id
wished begged, cleaned needed, travelled
switched
washed
after voiceless after voiced consonants after “t/d”
consonants
One of the most important Phonetics phenomena (sound interchange) is another manifestation of the connection of Phonetics with Grammar.
Again this connection can be observed in the category of number, for example:
Leaf – leaves
wife- wives
calf – calves
house – houses
s - z
Connection with Lexicology
It’s only due to the presence of stress in the right place, that we can distinguish certain nouns from verbs. Serves to differentiate parts of speech.
object – to object
increase – to increase
insult – to insult
transfer – to transfer
conduct – to conduct
abstract – to abstract
Due to the position of word stress we can distinguish between homonymous (омонимы) words and word groups. Phonetics is also connected with Stylistics mainly through intonation.
blackbird - дрозд
black bird – чёрная птица
Two courses of Phonetics in the institutes are introduced:
Practical Phonetics, which studies the material form of Phonetics phenomena
Theoretical Phonetics, which is supposed to discuss those problems of modern Phonetic science which are concerned with teaching of English language.
Phonetics itself is divided into 2 major levels:
Segmental Phonetics, which is concerned with individual sounds or segments of speech.
Supersegmental Phonetics, which deals with larger units of connected speech (связная речь) (syllables, words, phrases and texts)
Special Phonetics, the aim of which to study the sounds of one language at a particular period of time
General Phonetics, which studies the sound systems of several languages. It’s also a part of General Linguistics.
Comparative Phonetics, which compares the sound systems of 2 languages
Experimental Phonetics, which deals with research work