Finding a fault in a car. If your car doesn't start in the morning, you should check three things first: the battery, the fuel level and the spark plugs (свеча зажигания). It is easy to repair these faults. If the battery is flat, you should recharge it. If this doesn't work, you should replace it. If the petrol tank is empty, fill it up. If the spark plugs are dirty, clean them, and if the gap in a spark plug is too narrow or too wide, adjust it to the correct width.

If your car still doesn't start, the petrol pump may be broken, or the fuel pipe may be blocked. If the pump is broken, it must be re­paired or replaced. If the fuel pipe is blocked, take it off and unblock it.

If there is a loud click when you turn the key, the starter motor may be jammed (заклинивать). If it is, you can try to release it by pushing the car forwards and backwards (in 2nd gear). If the car still doesn't start, the starter motor should be repaired or replaced.

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Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски следующими словами:

flat be repaired click recharge faults battery clean tank empty replace fuel wide sparkplugs cooling backwards narrow forwards

1. In a car the flat battery, the empty fuel tank and the dirty spark plugs are the ... that can be easily eliminated. 2. If your car doesn't start, check the ... and the fuel ... . 3. If the battery is flat, try to ... or ... it. 4. If the ... tank is ... , fill it with petrol. 5. If the ... ... are dirty, ... them. 6. Adjust the gap in a spark plug if it is too ...

or too ... . 7. If the petrol pump is broken, it must 8. If the

tyres are ... , you should pump them up. 9. If you hear a loud ... , while turning the key, the starter motor may be jammed. 10. If it is jammed, try to move the car ... or .... 11. If the engine becomes too hot, there is a fault in the ... system.

Упражнение 4. А. Прочитайте текст.

Automotive Engines

Speaking about automotive engines one should say that the two most common types of engine for land vehicles are the petrol en­gine and the diesel engine.

Since petrol engines are usually lighter and smaller than diesel engines, they are cheaper. Therefore, most cars and motorbikes use petrol engines. Petrol engines are also less noisy than diesel en­gines. They usually go faster. On the other hand, diesel engines use less fuel and last longer than petrol engines, and this is why larger vehicles such as trucks and trains use them. They are also safer than petrol engines, because there is less danger of fire.

There are two main types of petrol engine — 4-stroke and 2-stroke. All cars and larger motor-cycles use 4-stroke engines. But most smaller motorbikes use 2-stroke engines. These are lighter and smaller than 4-stroke engines, and are therefore cheaper.

B. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. Which is the lightest of the three engines (2-stroke, 4-stroke or diesel)? 2. Which is the least expensive? 3. Which is the noisiest? 4. Which is the largest? 5. Which is the safest? Why? 6. Which has the lowest fuel consumption?

C. Speak about:

The main systems of a car.

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Lesson 10

Инфинитив, формы и функции Конструкция there + сказуемое Глаголы to cause, to make, to force

Text 10A. Laser

Text 10B. Optical Technology

Text 10C. An Encyclopedia on a Tiny Crystal

Text 10D. Science and International Cooperation

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 1. Определите функции инфинитива в предложениях, пере­ведите.

1. То develop a new submersible craft with a manipulator is not an easy task. 2. To develop the supercomputer, highly developed electronics and new materials were required. 3. One of the best ways to keep the car speed steady is to use a computer. 4. Experi­ments helped Mendeleev to discover the properties of new chemi­cal elements. 5. Francis Chichester was the first to sail round the world by himself. 6. Some materials with new useful properties may be produced in space. 7. A special electronic device signals the en­gine to stop. 8. Radar may control the brakes to avoid collisions with other cars. 9. High temperature alloys make it possible for jet engines to be operating under severe conditions for a long period of time. 10. Recently a radar to be mounted on cars has been de­veloped. 11. In a new Japanese car the information to be received by the driver will come through a navigation earth satellite. 12. To help helicopters and aircraft find the capsule, its upper part is co­vered with special paint which can be detected by radar. 13. To de­tect objects at a distance such as ships, aircrafts, buildings, mountains, etc. is of great importance for navigation both at sea and in air. 14. The radar detects the stationary objects ahead of the

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car to warn the driver about them and slow down the speed. 15. We had fresh water to drink. 16. They returned to listen about our acci­dent and help. 17. He asked permission to leave.

Упражнение 2. Переведите согласно образцам:

There are many ways ... — Существует много способов ...

There has appeared a new kind of vehicle. — Появился новый вид аппарата.

There is no doubt... — Нет сомнения ...

1. There are unique conditions in space for producing materials with special qualities. 2. There exist different designs of submers­ible crafts in several countries. 3. There remains one more test to be carried out before using the device. 4. There has recently appeared a new way of communication through satellite networks. 5. There is no doubt that soon we shall see the appearance of a new kind of superliners and space crafts. 6. We have read that there exists an in­ternational organization that makes it possible to keep telephone and telegraph communication via satellite with ships in any part of the World Ocean. 7. There is no doubt that mankind will be able to explore the solar system by using nuclear rockets. But there still re­main a lot of problems to be solved.

Упражнение З. Переведите предложения и запомните значения глаголов to cause, to make, to force.

1. Weather changes are often caused by cyclones and anticy­clones. 2. Work with deaf people made Al. Bell look for a way to help them and he began to study the theory of sound. 3. In internal combustion engines the pressure of gases forces the piston to go down. 4. The fact that Sofia Kovalevskaya couldn't continue her studies in Russia made her leave for Germany. 5. Heating causes the motion of molecules in a substance, the hotter it becomes, the quicker the molecules move. 6. Morse's interest in electricity made him start experimenting with it. 7. Sometimes bad weather forces the aircrafts to land. 8. In ordinary air it is possible to make elec­trons jump through space by means of pressure of high voltage. 9. The manager made Mary copy the report again. 10. They made him wait for an hour.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности сочета­ния прилагательного с наречием enough.

1. Materials used for superliner structures must be strong enough to withstand the air resistance at high speeds. 2. The «night vision» system is to be small enough to be used in automobiles.

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3. The film must be interesting enough since everyone has already seen it. 4. New materials for hypersonic craft should be light enough because the weight of the aircraft structure is of the greatest importance. 5. Infrared rays emitted by any object on the road are to be intensive enough for sensors to pick them up. 6. The Voice Warning system for cars requires the connection of 18 wires, but it is simple enough to be installed in a car.

Упражнение 5. А. Найдите русские эквиваленты для словосочетаний.

before the turn of the century, fantastic story, sword of heat, mysterious sword of heat, has come to reality, the name stands for, light amplification, stimulated emission, mankind's oldest dream, to make lead run like water, technological tool, thermonuclear fuel, to have no time to disintegrate, experiments in heating, re­quired temperature, dozens of times greater, in just a fraction of a second.

технологическое средство, заставить свинец литься как вода, название означает, старейшая мечта человечества, уси­ление света, в конце прошлого века, индуцированная эмиссия (излучение), огненный меч, таинственный огненный меч, во­плотилось в реальность, фантастическая история, экспери­менты по нагреву, требуемая температура, термоядерное топливо, нет времени для распада, в десятки раз больше, все­го за долю секунды.

В. Переведите словосочетания.

a very pure colour, to vaporize the hardest materials, to vapor­ize any substance on the earth, to combine two technological dis­coveries, limitless source of energy, practically limitless source of energy, thermonuclear fuel, thermonuclear reaction, controlled thermonuclear reaction, current estimates, a billionth of a second, to work hard.

Упражнение 6. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.

fantastic [faen'taestik], Martians ['ma:Jjanz], to stimulate ["stimjuleit], laser ['leiza], colour ['кл1э], thermonuclear reac­tion, controlled thermonuclear reaction, energy, plasma ['plaezma], dozens ['dAznz], practice ['praektis], practical ['praektikal], potential [pau'tenjal], intensive, intensity, principle, to vibrate [vai'breit], fraction, project ['procfeekt], transmission, solar transmission, realise ['rialaiz], effect [ffekt], Encyclopaedia [en,saiklau'pi:dja].

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Упражнение 7. Прочитайте и запомните произношение слов.

world [w9:ld], turn [t9:n], earth [э:6], invade [in'veid], sword [so:d], heat [hi:t], beam [bi:m], pure [pjua], mankind [maen'kaind], enough [I'riAf], vaporize ['veiparaiz], lead [led], focused ['faukast], treatment ['trktmant], vary [Veen], varied ['vearid], suggest [sa'cfeest], magic ['maecfeik], problem ['problem], combine [kom'bain], source [so:s], contribute [kan'tribju:t], duration [djua'reijan], pulse [paIs], though [5au], encounter [in'kaunta], encode [in'kaud], surface ['sa:fis], there­fore ['deafo:], doubt [daut], entire [in'taia], weapon ['wepan].

СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ

amplification n — усиление

as well adv — также

approximately adv — почти,

приблизительно

capacity n — мощность,

нагрузка, производительность

conduct v — вести, проводить

cost п — стоимость

duration n —

продолжительность

enough adv — достаточно,

довольно

entire a — полный, целый

fulfilment n — выполнение,

осуществление, исполнение

single a — один, одиночный

suggest v — предлагать,

советовать

tool n •— инструмент, орудие,

средство

heat v — нагревать; п — тепло, теплота

heating n — нагрев heat-resistant a — теплостой­кий

indeed adv •— действительно, на самом деле

installation n — установка, сборка

involved/?.//— связанный, рас­сматриваемый, имеющий мес­то

rapidly adv •— быстро represent v — представлять, олицетворять

stimulate v — возбуждать, ин­дуцировать

treatment n — обработка vary v — менять, изменять(ся) weapon n — оружие

to meet the demands, the requirements — удовлетво­рять требованиям

in order to — для того чтобы

power plant — силовая установка, электростанция

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Text 10A

Прочитайте текст и найдите абзацы, где говорится о применении лазеров. Переведите.

Laser

In the «War of Worlds» written before the turn of the last cen­tury H. Wells told a fantastic story of how Martians almost invaded our Earth. Their weapon was a mysterious «sword of heat». Today Wells' sword of heat has come to reality in the laser. The name stands for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

Laser, one of the most sophisticated inventions of man, pro­duces an intensive beam of light of a very pure single colour. It rep­resents the fulfilment of one of the mankind's oldest dreams of technology to provide¹ a light beam intensive enough to vaporize the hardest and most heat-resistant materials. It can indeed make lead run like water, or, when focused, it can vaporize any substance on the earth. There is no material unamenable² to laser treatment and laser will become one of the main technological tools quite soon.

The applications of laser in industry and science are so many and so varied as to suggest magic³. Scientists in many countries are working at a very interesting problem: combining the two big tech­nological discoveries of the second half of the 20th century — laser and thermonuclear reaction — to produce a practically limitless source of energy. Physicists of this country have developed large la­ser installations to conduct physical experiments in heating ther­monuclear fuel with laser beams. There also exists an idea to use laser for solving the problem of controlled thermonuclear reaction. The laser beam must heat the fuel to the required temperature so quickly that the plasma does not have time to disintegrate. Accord­ing to current estimates, the duration of the pulse has to be approx­imately a billionth of a second. The light capacity of this pulse would be dozens of times greater than the capacity of all the world's power plants. To meet such demands in practice, scientists and engineers must work hard as it is clear that a lot of difficulties are to be encountered on route⁴.

The laser's most important potential may be its use in commu­nications. The intensity of a laser can be rapidly changed to encode very complex signals. In principle, one laser beam, vibrating a bil­lion times faster than ordinary radio waves, could carry the radio, TV and telephone messages of the world simultaneously. In just a

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fraction of a second, for example, one laser beam could transmit the entire text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Besides, there are projects to use lasers for long distance com­munication and for transmission of energy to space stations, to the surface of the Moon or to planets in the Solar system. Projects have also been suggested to place lasers aboard Earth satellites nearer to the Sun in order to transform the solar radiation into laser beams, with this transformed energy subsequently transmitted to the Earth or to other space bodies. These projects have not yet been put into effect⁵, because of the great technological difficulties to be over­come and, therefore, the great cost involved. But there is no doubt that in time⁶ these projects will be realized and the laser beam will begin operating in outer space as well.

Notes to the Text

to provide — получать

unamenable — неподдающийся

as to suggest magic — можно принять за чудо

on route — на пути

put into effect — осуществлять

in time — со временем

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ Упражнение 8. Просмотрите текст 10А и ответьте на вопросы.

What is this text about? 2. What does the word «laser» mean? 3. What is the laser, is it a device or some phenomenon? 4. Who was the first to write about lasers? 5. What writer from this country wrote a book about a laser? 6. What can a laser do? 7. Where can it be used? 8. What other uses do you know?

Упражнение 9. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию текста 10А. Исправьте неправильные утверждения.

1. Laser means «light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation». 2. Laser produces an intensive beam of light. 3. In the next few years laser will become one of the main technological tools. 4. Martians almost invaded the Earth before the turn of the last century. 5. Laser and thermonuclear reaction can produce a limited source of energy. 6. The laser beam heats the fuel so quickly that the plasma disintegrates. 7. There are projects to transform lu-

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nar radiation into beams. 8. The laser beam will begin operating in outer space.

Упражнение 10. Найдите в тексте 10А инфинитивы в функции части ска­зуемого и обстоятельства цели (см. 3-й и 5-й абзацы).

Упражнение 11. Найдите предложения с инфинитивом в функции опре­деления и дополнения, переведите.

1. То design, construct and operate a laser system is a great technological achievement. 2. To protect the water resources, forests and atmosphere, several laws were passed in Russia in the 1970s. 3. A very interesting problem is to produce a practically limitless source of energy. 4. There are projects to use lasers for long dis­tance communication. 5. Automation makes it possible to obtain and develop new sources of energy. 6. To combine laser and ther­monuclear reaction is a very interesting problem for the scientists in many countries. 7. To conduct physical experiments with laser beams, Russian physicists have developed large laser installations. 8. Some Western experts consider that it is practically impossible to protect big cities from pollution. 9. Lasers to be placed on Earth satellites will transform solar radiation into laser beams. 10. A spe­cial design bureau in St. Petersburg was the first in the world to de­velop production of superlong escalators. 11. To put some projects with lasers in operation, great technological difficulties must be overcome. 12. One of the ways to make planes as economical as possible is to lighten the aircraft by using new composite materials. 13. Signals to be measured must be strong enough.

Упражнение 12. Определите, чем выражено определение, переведите.

1. The new system developed increased the safety and effi­ciency of a car. 2. The laser's most important potential use may be its long distance communication applications. 3. Provided the problems of using laser for controlled thermonuclear reaction were solved, the capacity of the pulse received would be much greater than that of all the world's power plants. 4. All a pilot needs to do is to tune to radio transmitters and he will get direction signals he needs. 5. One of the problems scientists are working at is to trans­mit energy to space stations by using lasers. 6. Laser provides a light beam intensive enough to vaporize the hardest and most heat-resis­tant materials. 7. A hypersonic aircraft will require complicated cooling measures because of the extreme temperatures involved. 8. A new electronic device to be installed in the car's panel will cal-

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culate how far one can drive on the fuel left. 9. The hardest materi­als a laser beam is aimed at vaporize within a fraction of a second.

Aircraft designers are interested in all kinds of new materials that are strong enough to be used for high-speed airliners.

Noise and vibration are also the problems to be faced by design­ers of hypersonic crafts. 12. Besides, there is one more problem to be studied — that of surface cooling. 13. The ordinary aircraft win­dows would make the future superliner structure too weak to with­stand great stresses developed. 14. Every student of Cambridge is to go to his tutor once a week to discuss with him the work done.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ Упражнение 13. Определите части речи по суффиксам и префиксам.

encode, capacity, disintegrate, emission, widen, intensive, in­credible, defence, stranger, reality, strengthen, fulfilment, inde­structible, amplification, substance, entirely, vaporize.

Упражнение 14. Назовите производные от следующих слов, переведите.

limit, transmit, approximate, success, science, relate.

Упражнение 15. Найдите русскому слову соответствующее английское.

устанавливать — installment, installation, install; различие, разница — differ, difference, different; распадаться — disintegrator, disintegration, disintegrate; применимый — application, applicable, apply; укреплять — strong, strength, strengthen; эффективно — efficient, efficiency, efficiently; усилитель — amplification, amplifier, amplify.

Упражнение 16. Найдите:

а) синонимы

rapidly, sophisticated, to conduct, demand, almost, quickly, to carry out, approximately, opportunity, requirement, also, use, to fulfill, complex, as well, to realize, application, possibility;

б) антонимы

further, integrate, cooling, outside, powerless, uncontrolled, limited, disintegrate, nearer, capable, limitless, controlled, inca­pable, powerful, heating, inside.

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Упражнение 17. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на много­значность слов make и light.

What makes a soap bubble (мыльный пузырь) rise and fall. If a soap bubble does not break at once, it will begin to fall. Why? To explain this, we must remember a balloon which is filled with hot air. It rises for some time and then it falls again. A balloon rises be­cause the hot air inside it is lighter than the air round it, and as it is lighter, it must rise. When the air inside a balloon cools, the weight of the balloon itself makes it fall. A soap bubble is really a little bal­loon filled with hot air. This air is much lighter than the air outside. It can carry the weight of the water which makes the skin of the soap bubble. But this cannot last for a long time, because the skin of the soap bubble is very thin. The bubble becomes as cool as the air around it and it begins to fall. It is interesting to know that the early experiments with balloons were based on soap bubbles.

Упражнение 18. Переведите.

There is a large garage on Seventh Street that provides work for eleven men. There is one man who meets the customers. There are two other men who take care of batteries. There is another man who washes cars. There are three other men who sell gas and oil. There is another man who repairs timers. There are two men who work with engines and there is one man who sells tires. There is no better place for automobile service.

Упражнение 19. Заполните пропуски соответствующей формой глагола to be.

I ... now in the garage on Seventh Street. There ... three cars here. One ... a Ford. There ... a man in it. He ... buying a tire. One car ... a Buick. There ... five people in it. There ... a third саг. А man and his wife ... in it. Their battery ... dead. The two battery men ... looking at it. «I... sure you will have to rent a battery», one man says. «We ... a long way from home», the man in the car an­swers. «We .... not here often. We must buy a battery. There ... nothing else to do».

Упражнение 20. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.

chosen, fed, costing, put, overcome, coming, made.

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Упражнение 21. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря.

То understand why light from the laser is so concentrated, you must know that light travels in waves. Ordinary white light is made up of many wavelengths travelling in every direction. Laser light is essentially of one wavelength, with all the waves moving in one di­rection. Because the laser wavelengths intensify each other, they can remain in an unbelievably straight beam for a long distance. Al­most any substance can be forced to «lase» if you work hard enough with it. Gas lasers give off continuous beams of light. Tiny semi­conductor lasers may be especially useful in computers for trans­mitting signals to replace the use of cables. Many lasers can give off invisible radiation, either infrared or ultraviolet.

CONVERSATION Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What is a laser? (a device producing an intensive beam of light) 2. What is its principle of operation? (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) 3. What light is produced by a la­ser? (light of pure single colour) 4. What can be done by means of a laser? (vaporizing the hardest materials) 5. What materials can be treated with a laser? (practically any material and any substance) 6. What is the most promising use of lasers? (the use in all kinds of communication) 7. What prevents putting into effect the projects to use lasers more widely in space? (great technological difficulties and great cost involved)

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

A laser can find

It is very interesting to com­bine

There is an idea

In this case a laser beam

The light capacity in a laser in­stallation should be dozens of times greater

To develop such a laser system in practice

Scientists and engineers must work

must heat the fuel to the re­quired temperature very quickly.

very wide application.

hard to overcome numerous technological difficulties.

is not an easy task.

to use a laser for solving the problem of controlled thermonu­clear reaction.

laser and thermonuclear reac­tion to produce a limitless source of energy.

7. than the capacity of all the world's power plants.

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