bogatyreva_m_a_uchebnik_angliiskogo_yazyka_dlya_neyazykovyh

Example:

to change (изменяться) – сhangeable (изменчивый)

– changeability (непостоянство, способность к переменам)

Drinkable, (un)eatable, (un)suitable, (un)reasonable, (un)comfortable, (un)favourable, readability, practicability, (un)predict- able, (un)predictability.

23. Read these international words and give their Russian equivalents.

De mocracy, , demo cratic, , decla ration, , organi zation, standard, principle, regulate, , guaran tee, passage, sta bility, legal, constant, cam paign, despotism, , confron tation, co, ope ration.

24. Study the suggested materials and explain the following thing.

Why did the 1948 Declaration become a step forward in the development of democracy in the world?

Text A

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

“Democracy is the government of the people, by the people, for the people.” A. Lincoln

Of all the systems of government that exist in the world democracy has been so far the best one. Indeed, today every country feels a need to be legal and democratic. But what does it really mean to be a democratic state?

A democratic state is based on market economy – that’s true. However, first of all, democracy is respect for human rights, such as the right to life, to freedom of speech and religion. Everyone is equal before the law and has the right to participate in elections, to own property, to preserve national identity and some others.

The first document regulating these rights was the American Declaration of Independence. Then, in 1773, Abraham Lincoln

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thought that the words “all men are born equal” were of no practical use, as they carried no legal force. But throughout his career, Lincoln used that majestic phrase as a political tool in the struggle against slavery. He wanted the world to know that it was a stumbling block to all those who in after times might try to turn free people back into the hateful paths of despotism.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations (UN) in 1948 became the legal and moral basis of a continuing global campaign for democracy. At that time it was essential to promote universal respect for human rights. The declaration expressed the felt truth of the age and represented democratic standards for free society.

Since then many powerful leaders have repeated words of devotion to human rights. They incorporated the principles of the Declaration into constitutions and international agreements. Gradually human rights became a political force, though not always a constant one. Even now, more than fifty years after the adoption of the Universal Declaration much remains to be done. The task of the UN and other organizations is to protect millions of people from the violation of human rights. All the countries of Europe acting through international organizations must work together to promote democratic reforms, stability and well being.

(After the article by David A. Martin “Human Rights’ Ongoing Journey From Hopeful Rhetoric to Reality”, the International Herald Tribune, Nov. 26, 1998)

25. Tasks.

a)Complete the pre text task.

b)Find the English for the following Russian phrases and use them in discussing the text.

Свобода слова, действовать при посредничестве, национальная принадлежность, бороться вместе за обеспечение..., основано на рыночной экономике, уважение прав человека, все равны перед законом, принятие декларации, не иметь законной силы, нарушение прав человека, повернуть вспять.

c) Pick out terms relating to politics. Suggest their Russian equivalents.

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d) Match each word on the left with its dictionary definition on the right.

e)Replace the underlined parts of the sentences by words and expressions from the text. Translate these sentences into Russian.

1.He has picked up bad habits. 2. What is the most important difference between the two political systems? 3. She spoke officially for her fellow workers at the meeting. 4. The new plan includes the old one. 5. We fought with this problem for a long time. 6. The government has started a set of global actions against smoking.

7.His constant absences have put at risk the comfort and happiness of his family. 8. By sounding the horn of the car they broke the peace of early morning.

f)Choose the words from the box and fill in the blanks. Translate these sentences into Russian.

adopt promotion exist struggle regulate election legal stumbling

1. Watch TV, the __________ results will be clear tonight.

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2.The company intends to take _______ action over this matter.

3.There are strict rules that _______ the use of chemicals in food.

4.Foreigners can hardly master the ______ blocks of Russian grammar.

5.The committee _______ my suggestions.

6.It wasn’t easy, but he didn’t give up the ______ for life.

7.There are good chances of ______ in this firm.

8.The Roman Empire ______ for several centuries.

g)Study the symbols of some international organizations and say when they were established.

The UN was founded (established) in 1945. ООН была основана (учреждена) в 1945 году.

h) What do these organizations work for?

Remember!

security [si kjVqrItI] – безопасность poverty – бедность

Note!

to contribute to sth – содействовать чему л.

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*to participate in peace support oper ations.

26.Discuss a few points in text A.

1.What is a democratic state? 2. Do you remember the definition of democracy? Who is the author of these majestic words? 3. What was the first document regulating human rights? What did Abraham Lincoln think about it? 4. What did he want the world to know, when he quoted the 1773 Declaration? 5. Did the 1948 Declaration carry a legal force? What makes you think so? 6. How did its principles become a political force? 7. What is the task of the UN and other international organizations? What will they concentrate their energies on? 8 What shared ideals hold them together?

27.Give a presentation on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. State its role in the development of democracy in the world.

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28. Translate the following passage from Russian into English using a suitable word from the list below.

От конфронтации к сотрудничеству

После окончания холодной войны ни одна международная организация в одиночку не обладала достаточными ресурсами для решения актуальных политических вопросов. НАТО, Cовет Европы, ООН, Европейский Союз (EC) и ОБСЕ начали бороться сообща за обеспечение безопасности и стабильности в Европе.

ОБСЕ, учреждённая в 1973 году, включает в себя 55 европейских стран участниц. За годы своего существования ОБСЕ боролась за предотвращение межнациональных конфликтов, сохранение мира. В то время как ОБСЕ участвовала в миротворческих операциях, ЕС обеспечивал финансовую поддержку этим акциям.

Нации должны от конфронтации повернуться лицом к cотрудничеству. Наилучшая гарантия терпимости по отношению ко всем группам в обществе – это демократия. ОБСЕ удалось cоединить два понятия – принципы Хельсинского процесса 1975г.ипринципыДекларацииправчеловека.Соднойстороны, мир и безопасность, с другой, – демократия, верховенство закона и уважение прав человека.

(История ОБСЕ в документах)

(after the Cold War ended, sufficient resources, to solve topical issues, to provide financial support for..., to link, rule of law)

Questions.

1. How is the news presented in these materials?

2.Has the information about the OSCE somehow changed your attitude towards partnership for peace?

3.Europe seeks (стремится) to establish the closest possible partnership with the United States. Do you think this power sets a model of real democracy? Give your line of reasoning.

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29. Agree or disagree with the opinions expressed in the interviews below.

David Freeman points out,

“There is no fixed form of democracy. In working it out every nation should be left to its own judgement.”

Regina Hessky says,

“The vision of the United Europe is really exciting. Though people of different nationalities have different lifestyles, they have the same feelings about the same things.”

Brian Hoffman says,

“Cultures are becoming more alike. It shows in global business, cheap foreign travel and improved communications. It’s a good thing but we need a reasonable balance between globalisation of companies and having a national presence.

How Does It Compare to Your Culture?

Eyes on Russian democracy...

30. On your own.

Do you consider yourself a democrat? What has led you to this conclusion?

Do you think a democrat should belong to any party? Choose the statement you most agree with.

a.Democracy is myth, not reality in Russia.

b.Russia is a better place to live in than it was 10 years ago.

c.As Russia is moving towards democracy, I can say that it

is in the middle of the road.

Give any example supporting the idea that the democratic pro cess is underway in this country.

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When we talk about a national figure, we mean a famous man or a woman, either now or in the past, celebrated (прославленный) in his or her field and recognized by the whole nation. Also Britain produced world famous politicians, thinkers, musicians, writers, artists such as Henry Moore, Benjamin Britten, Bertrand Russel.

32. Read about the careers of the four greatest British personalities. The information is based on the associations that English speaking people have. Choose the correct names from the box below.

You may need the following words:

to describe (as) – характеризовать кого л. to face sth – сталкиваться с чем н.

to declare – объявить

to gain entry into – добиться вступления to be keen on sth – любить что л.

a stock market – фондовая биржа

a household word – ходячее выражение an ally [ xlaI] – союзник

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Cultural Note

Gulf War is a war which began in 1991 after the Iraqi army occupied Kuwait declaring it the 19th province of Iraq. Forces, mainly from the US, under the flag of the United Nations intervened and they were successful in driving the Iraqis out of Kuwait.

(The Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture)

Text B

Britain’s National Figures

1.? – (1943 – )

... is a politician who faced the problems of the Gulf War and Britain’s economic difficulties. He seemed to many people to be a pleasant man but rather dull and boring, especially when compared to Mrs. Thatcher. He was described as “Mr. Nice” or “a grey man in a grey suit”.

2.? – (1894 – 1986)

... was leader of the Conservative Party who worked to improve East West relations but he/she didn’t gain Britain’s entry into the European Community (E.C.). In the newspapers, he/she was often called Supermac.

Cultural Note

Many people in Britain are not keen on the E.C. They especially dislike the way in which E.C. law controls the small details of life in Britain.

3.? – (1925 – )

... was leader of the Conservative Party. At the beginning this politician was pretty much alone among Western leaders in his/ her market orientation. Almost two years later, however, he/she gained a most powerful ally – Ronald Reagan. The large British privatizations of the mid 1980s did much to stimulate the integration of global stock markets that has become so important today.

(An extract from The Wall Street journal by Daniel Yergin. May 10, 1999)

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