5. Put the parts of the sentences in the right order:

1. Not, viruses, metabolize, do, cells, unlike, living.

2. Cell, within, are, the, host, virus, particles, the, assembled.

3. Known, the, virus, fastest, virus, mutating, the, influenza, is.

4. That, any, acids, contain, nucleic, there, no, is, evidence, prions.

5. Viruses, be, prions, actually, may, conventional.

6. Are, the, subviruses, infectious, smallest, agents, termed.

FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES

1. Prepare a dialogue with your partner discussing:

1. Viruses.

2. Subviruses.

3. Similarities between viruses and subviruses.

4. Differences between viruses and subviruses.

2. Sum up what you have learned about viruses and subviruses and prepare a report about them.

GRAMMAR EXERCISES

Ex. 1. Translate into Russian, paying attention to the modal verbs:

can, could (do), can, could (have done), can, could (have been doing).

1. Could he have failed to get tickets?

2. Can (could) she have been watching TV since morning?

3. Can he be so stubborn?

4. Can (could) she have said that?

5. Can I leave?

6. She can’t have been waiting for us all the time.

7. Can it be that she has not read this book?

8. He couldn’t go to the theatre yesterday because he was busy.

9. You cannot play football in the street.

10. Can I have my photo taken?

11. Every citizen in our country can get medical treatment free of charge.

Ex. 2. Complete the sentences using can, can’t, could, couldn’t, to be able to.

1. He had hurt his leg, so … walk very well.

2. Nobody … lift the box as it was very heavy.

3. Finally she … to solve her problems, so she was glad.

4. The boy fell into the river but fortunately we … rescue him.

5. I can’t understand Martin, I’ve never … understand him.

6. In two months I … to operate a computer.

7. He … play football very well when he was a child.

8. Now you … hear a very popular song.

9. You … use my computer today.

10. … you do this for me?

11. The house was on fire but the fire brigade … to extinguish it.

12. I … afford to buy a flat. It’s rather expensive.

13. I … help smiling when she started singing.

14. I … smell anything.

15. It was a huge hall and we were at the back, so we … hear very well.

Ex. 3. Translate into Russian, paying attention to:

must, to have to, to be likely, probably.

1. You’ve been travelling all day. You must be tired.

2. I hear that your examinations are next week. You must be studying well.

3. The phone rang but I didn’t hear, I must have been asleep.

4. Peter must be at home now.

5. They must have been married for 10 years.

6. She knew everything about our plans. She must have listened to our conversation.

7. When I woke up this morning the light was on. I must have forgotten to turn it off.

8. You mustn’t cross the street on the red light.

9. Rodger must have forgotten about his promise.

10. He must have failed to come.

11. He will probably receive your telegram.

12. We are not likely to stay here.

13. I’ll have to see the dentist tomorrow.

Ex. 4. Fill in the gaps using must or have to.

1. You’ll … explain it to everybody.

2. I … to stay at home tomorrow, because my daughter has fallen ill.

3. Mr. Brown … work hard to keep his garden in good condition.

4. Last night Ann suddenly became ill. We … call the doctor.

5. I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I … work late.

6. We couldn’t repair the car ourselves. We … take it to the garage.

7. He … to work hard. He … earn money.

8. You … leave the room at once!

9. You … (not to smoke) here!

10. Ann’s eyes are not very good. She … wear glasses for reading.

11. When … Tom … leave?

12. You can tell Linda what I said but she … keep it a secret.

13. The baby is asleep. You … (not to shout).

Ex. 5. Translate into Russian, paying attention to modals: should, ought to.

1. I think the government should do something about the economy.

2. You shouldn’t leave your car near the gate.

3. You should stop smoking.

4. You shouldn’t worry about such trifles.

5. Why should I help him?

6. Why shouldn’t we have discussed this question yesterday?

7. I shouldn’t have eaten some much chocolate. I’m feeling sick.

8. You ought to do something for him.

9. You ought to be more considerate to other people’s feelings.

10. It’s strange that he should be late, he is usually on time.

11. I was surprised that he should say such a thing.

12. You ought not to drive so fast on this road.

Ex. 6. Translate into Russian, paying attention to modals: may, to be to.

1. May I attend your classes?

2. You may come in.

3. John asked if he might use my car.

4. Visitors may not feed the animals.

5. We may go to the mountains this summer.

6. He may not know anything about it.

7. He may be getting ready for the concert.

8. They may have lost their way.

9. They might not have done it.

10. Susan might have fallen ill.

11. You might have thought about it earlier.

12. Jane and I are to meet at 7 o’clock.

13. I am to inform you that Mr. Green will not be able see you tomorrow.

14. You are not to touch my thing.

15. You are to do your homework before you watch TV.

16. The Prime Minister was to visit Japan last year.

17. We were to have met at the entrance to the theatre.

18. What are we to do next?

19. Where were they to have met us?

Ex. 7. Translate into Russian, paying attention to the use of verb ‘need’ as a modal verb and as an ordinary verb.

1. You needn’t be in a hurry.

2. I am here. You needn’t be afraid.

3. I think I needn’t have made that observation.

4. You don’t need to get a visa if you go there.

5. I didn’t need to go to the station.

6. You won’t need to book a room at a hotel.

7. You needn’t have told George about it.

8. He needs a new pair of shoes.

9. One needs to be careful.

10. He did not need to be told twice.

Ex. 8. Each sentence has a mistake. Find it and correct it.

1. Water must to be thoroughly analysed during the epidemics.

2. Groups of cells can be organizing and function as multicellular organisms.

3. Changes in the structure within the nucleus may to drive differentiation of cells.

4. Students ought attend classes every day.

5. Do you must send this e-mail message right now?

6. Now they may to walk till late at night.

7. Barbara might to phone later.

8. I was tired but I can’t sleep.

9. I think Carol should be bought some new clothes.

10. James isn’t well today. He shouldn’t go to the doctor.

11. Immunodeficiency can’t cause such diseases as AIDS and cancer.

12. Asexual reproduction may taking place through parthenogenesis.

13. How do animals can reproduce?

14. It is very important to immune system to be able identify pathogens and harmful invaders.

15. The first type of hypersensitivity comprises instant reaction and can seen as an allergic reaction to certain otherwise harmless things.