Follow-up activities

1. Name all parts of the digestive system and explain their functions.

2. Write an essay about the digestive system.

Additional text

Read the text carefully. Be ready to fulfil the tasks that follow.

Nutrition

To understand nutrition, you have to understand that it is a combination of the many integrated processes involved in an organism’s absorption and use of materials. Most of the actual absorption takes place on a molecular level. Organisms must procure the food, which is then broken down to chemical constituents that are absorbed by the cells. These atoms and molecules provide the raw materials that constitute, maintain, and run the organisms. The energy produced by the raw materials is usually measured in units known as calories; one calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise one gram or cubic centimeter (cc) of water one degree centigrade. The calories usually referred to in biology and nutrition are kilogram-calories (Kcal); each 1000 gram-calories. When calories are discussed below, they are kilogram-calories; that is, the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1000 grams (one kilogram) of water from 14.5^oC to 15.5^oC.

Breaking down the nutrient materials we call food involves a series of processes that in the aggregate are known as digestion. Digestion is the physical and/or chemical breakdown of food into sizes small enough to be passed across cell membranes. Our food is the result of other organisms’ procurement of nutrients from the environment. Eating other organisms, or their parts, saves us considerable time and energy.

Green plants and a number of additional life forms can survive without consuming other organisms. Animals, however, could not exist without the green plants that synthesize the majority of molecules that are passed on to other organisms. (In addition, it should be remembered that green plants generate oxygen and consume carbon dioxide, while most animals consume oxygen and generate carbon dioxide.)

Of the four basic macromolecules found in living things, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are so abundant, readily accessible, and nutritionally useful that they have become the primary molecular units representing the food in our diets. Nucleic acids, the fourth group of macromolecules, are not abundant enough to be an important dietary item. Of course, water and many minerals are also important.

Post-reading tasks

1. Define the following concepts: nutrition, a calorie, digestion.

2. Name the basic macromolecules found in living organisms and explain their role.

3. Imagine that you are making a speech on the topic “Nutrition”. Grammar exercises

Ex. 1. Put the following sentences into reported speech.

1. ‘I’m going out now but I’ll be in by nine’, he said.

2. ‘I can’t live on my basic salary’, said Peter. ‘I’ll have to offer to do overtime’.

3. ‘My young brother wants to be a tax inspector’, said Mary. ‘I can’t think why. None of my family has ever been a tax inspector’.

4. ‘I’ve made a terrible mistake!’, said Peter. ‘You’ve always making terrible mistakes’, I said. ‘You should be used to it by now.’

5. ‘We’ve been here for two and a half years’, said the man who had spoken first, ‘and we’re going to stay another six months.’

6. ‘The ice will soon be hard enough to skate on’, said Tom. ‘I’ll look for my skates when I get home’, Ann said.

7. ‘I must hurry. My father is always furious if any of us is late for meals’, she said.

8. ‘I bought this bag in Milan”, I said. ‘You shouldn’t have bought that colour’, said Peter. ‘It doesn’t go with your coat.’

9. ‘If you want to smoke you’ll have to go upstairs’, said the bus conductor.

10. ‘I’m taking my children to the zoo tomorrow’, she said ‘to see the baby polar bear’.

11. ‘The lake will probably freeze tonight’, said Peter. ‘It’s much colder than last night’.

Ex. 2. Fill in the gaps with say or tell in the correct tense.

1. ‘This sugar-free chocolate is delicious’, … Sandra.

2. ‘I can’t … the difference between this chocolate and the one containing sugar. I like it, too’, … Mark.

3. ‘I wish someone had … me about it sooner. I could have lost so much weight!’ … Mark.

4. ‘To … you the truth, I don’t think you should loose weight,’ … Sandra.

5. ‘I like you just the way you are,’ she … him.

6. ‘I saw Paul in town today’, Steve … Louise.

7. ‘I … good-afternoon to him and I noticed that he he’d had his hair cut,’ … Steve to Louise.

8. ‘I should have … something about it, but it looked awful, so I didn’t mention it,’ he … her.

9. ‘You did the right thing,’ … Louise to him.

10. ‘ It’s better to … nothing than to … a lie,’ she … .

11. At Alison’s wedding reception, her father stood up and … the guests that he would like to … a few words.

12. He started to … a story about when Alison was young. Alison felt embarrassed, but she didn’t … so.

13. Then her father … the guests some jokes, which everyone found very funny.

14. Finally, he … a prayer for the happy couple.

Ex. 3. Turn the following into reported questions:

1. ‘What is your name?’ he asked me.

2. ‘Where are your parents?’ Uncle Bill asked us.

3. ‘Will you help me carry the box, please’, Dad asked.

4. ‘What time will you be home?’ Mum asked me.

5. ‘Can you play the guitar?’ he asked her.

6. ‘Who was at the door?’ David asked Janet.

7. ‘Where is the post office?’ they asked us.

8. ‘When will you do your homework?’ Meg asked me.

9. John asked Sam ‘Do you like computer games?’

10. ‘Will you give me a lift to work, please?’ he asked her.

11. ‘Where is your ticket?’ she wondered.

12. “What is the best part of your job?’ Laura asked Helen.

13. ‘What do you find difficult about acting?’ Jim asked Lorna.

14. ‘Do I need another filling?’ I asked the dentist.

15. I asked shop assistant ‘How much does this blouse cost?’

16. ‘How many tablets should I take each day?’ she asked the doctor.

17. She asked the librarian ’Can I borrow the book for another week?

18. ‘May I look at the menu, please?’ asked my friend at the restaurant.

19. ‘Why do you want to leave your job?’ Pam wondered.

20. ‘Have you ever seen a flying saucer?’ said the man.

21. ‘What did you make for dinner yesterday?’ Bob asked me.

22. ‘Why are you mixing the liquids?’ the student asked the Professor.

23. ‘When will the report be typed?’ he asked the secretary.

24. ‘Can I make an appointment to have my hair cut?’ I asked the hairdresser.

25. ‘Would you like a lift?’ said An. ‘ Which way are you going?’ I said.

Ex. 4. Turn the following Commands, Requests, Suggestions into Reported Speech.

Use an appropriate introductory verb (ask, order, beg, suggest, tell etc.)

1. The teacher said to the student ‘Come and see me after the lesson’.

2. He said ‘Shall we go out for a dinner?’

3. Colin said to Dave ‘Please hold this book for me’.

4. He said to her ‘Close the door, please’.

5. Father said ‘How about going to the beach?’

6. She said ‘Let’s watch the game on TV’.

7. He asked them ‘Please don’t hurt me’.

8. The policeman said to the thieves ‘Put your hands up!’

9. Jason said to his father ‘Please let me go to the party’.

10. The man said to the waiter ‘Can you bring me some water, please?’

11. ‘Don’t make so much noise!’ the librarian said to the boys.

12. ‘Don’t talk during the exam!’ said the teacher.

13. ‘Raise your hand if you need anything’, the teacher said.

14. The teacher said ‘Don’t forget to write your name at the top of the page’.

15. ‘Write all your answers in pen’, asked the teacher.

16. ‘Please don’t tell anyone about it’, Lorna asked.

Ex. 5. Put the following into direct speech with the appropriate punctuation.

1. She asked if he’d like to go to the concert and I said that I was sure she would.

2. She told me to look where I was going as the road was full of holes and was very badly lit.

3. I asked if she had looked everywhere and she said that she had.

4. He suggested giving her a bottle of wine.

5. They offered me some more wine and I accepted.

6. He said I mustn’t mind if the first one wasn’t any good.

Ex. 6. Report the conversation that took place some days ago.

Hostess: Would you like a cup of tea?

Guest: With pleasure. Thank you.

Hostess: How will you take it? Do you prefer your tea strong or weak?

Guest: I like my tea very strong and very hot.

Hostess: How many lumps of sugar do you take in your tea?

Guest: Four or five lumps of sugar, madam, for I like my tea very sweet.

Hostess: Do you like milk in your tea?

Guest: Milk? Well, yes! When I can’t get cream.

Ex. 7. Put the following into reported speech.

1. 'I couldn't get into the house because I had lost my key, so I had to break a window,' he said.

2. 'The mirror is there so that you can see yourself when you are dancing,' the instructress told him.

3. 'I wrote to him the day before yesterday. I wonder why he hasn't rung up,' she said.

4. 'If the ground is dry on the day of the race, my horse might win,' said the owner.

5. 'You'd better slow down. There's a speed limit here,' she said to me. (Use advise.)

6. 'If Tom wants seats, he'd better apply early,' she said.

7. 'We walked 50 miles last night to see the Minister and protest about our rents being raised. He was very polite and promised to do what he could for us,' said one of the tenants.

8. 'They should put traffic lights here, otherwise there'll be more accidents,' she said.

9. 'It's time we began training for our next match,' the coach said to them.

10. 'If you leave home at six, you should be here by nine,' he said to me.

11. 'If it rains this afternoon it will be too wet to play the match tomorrow,' the captain said.

12. 'I meant to plug in the electric blanket but I plugged in the electric kettle by mistake. I'm always doing silly things like that she told her guest.

13. 'I was intending to do it tomorrow/ he said, 'but now I don't think I’ll be able to.'

14. 'Bill should do very well at the university, Mrs. Smith,' said the headmaster. 'He's done very well here.'

15. 'I don't think your father likes me,' said the young wife. 'You mustn't think that’ said her husband; 'it is just that he is old and finds it hard to get used to new people’. (Leave mustn't unchanged)

16. 'The steak is overdone again. I'm not complaining; I'm just pointing it out,’ said her husband. 'I wish you'd stop pointing things out,’ said his wife.

17. 'They couldn't open the safe on the spot so they carried it away with them’, the night watchman reported.

18. 'If you saw my father, you'd recognize him at once. He is the most extraordinary-looking man,’ she said to me.

19. 'I found an old Roman coin in the garden yesterday,’ he said, 'and I'm going to take it to the museum this afternoon.'

20. He said, 'I got out of my boat, leaving the engine running, but while I was standing on the quay the gears suddenly engaged themselves and the boat went straight out of the harbour with no one on board’.

21. Then Macbeth enters and says, 'I have done the deed.'

UNIT 9

GRAMMAR: MODAL VERBS.

TEXTS: VIRUSES AND SUBVIRUSES.