- •Introductory phonetic-orthoepic course
- •Introduction
- •Introductory text*
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. We use certain expressions in different social situations.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with the necessary words in brackets.
- •3. Complete the following sentences.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •5. Match the sentences with the correct photos. The first was done for you.
- •1. Address the following people.
- •2. Insert a suitable form of address.
- •3. Fill in prepositions or adverbs where necessary.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Complete the conversations with the correct expressions.
- •3. Make up your own dialogues with the following word combinations.
- •4. Translate the following dialogues into English.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •3. Match the story with the correct words.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Find the logical order of the following dialogue parts.
- •3. Translate the anecdotes into English.
- •2. Draw your own family tree and write a short summary of your family background (family history).
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. Fill in the gaps with prepositions.
- •2. Complete the sentences with the suitable words. More than one answer is possible.
- •3. Complete the sentences with the correct words.
- •4. From these jumbled words, find combinations to describe people, as in the example. Some of the combinations are hyphenated. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •1. You want to know about the following: someone’s general appearance / their height / their weight.
- •2. How would you describe a person in each of these cases?
- •3. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
- •4. Study the article and do the following activities.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •3. Read the following dialogue.
- •4. Act as interpreter, translate Ukrainian lines into English.
- •1. Imagine you’ve just moved into a new flat, and for the first six months you can only have six of the following. Which would you choose?
- •2. Study the advertisements and find the following.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Choose the correct answer.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. Tell what’s the time:
- •3. Read the following dialogues.
- •4. Complete the dialogue.
- •1. Can you complete these sentences with the correct number?
- •2. Read the poem and tell what happened to Solomon Grundy during a week.
- •4. Speak about yourself and your country completing these sentences.
- •5. Read the joke and say how you personally appreciate time.
- •Introductory text
- •Vocabualary practice
- •Identify weather conditions in these pictures.
- •2. What disaster is being described in each of these sentences?
- •1. Say the following in one word.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •If we want to look after the environment, there are certain things we should and shouldn’t do. Complete these two lists in suitable ways.
- •Improving Zoos
- •It’s Getting Hotter
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Internet word scramble. Guess the hidden words.
- •2. Complete the missing lines in the following dialogues.
- •It is said like this:
- •Introductory text
- •Our Lives and Computer Technology
- •1. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •2. Complete the following sentences.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •1. Add another word, abbreviation, or part of a word, to complete common ‘computer’ words and phrases.
- •2. Can you remember what these symbols mean?
- •3. Complete the text with the words in the box.
- •4. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •5. Read, smile and find in the Internet similar computer jokes either in English or in Ukrainian.
- •1. Read the following dialogue.
- •2. Read the dialogue and fill in the missing words. The first letter of each missing word is given.
- •3. Computers have many applications in a great variety of fields.
- •4. Study the information and express your ideas on the topic.
- •1. Read the text and do the following tasks.
- •2. Study the article and answer the questions.
- •3. In small groups, choose one of the areas in the diagram below and discuss what computers can do in this area.
- •Introductory text
- •Juvenile Crime
- •Decide whether the following statements about the text are true or false.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •1. Read the following dialogue.
- •2. What is your opinion of the following statements? Agree or disagree.
- •4. Read the text and do the activities that follow.
- •1. Read the text and express your ideas on the offered questions.
- •2. Study the information about youth subcultures and tell…
- •3. Write a paragraph to fit this newspaper headline. Give some details about the crime and the court case using topical vocabulary.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •3. Match up the shop (departments) with the appropriate goods. Give answers in the box.
- •4. Say the same in one word or a phrase.
- •5. Fill in the blank with the corresponding words.
- •6. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogue.
- •2. Find the logical order of the following dialogue parts.
- •3. Complete these lines from the conversations.
- •4. Explain clothing idioms and find equivalents in your native language. Use them in the sentences of your own.
- •5. Comparing shopping.
- •1. Read the text and check your ideas.
- •2. Read the text and do the activities that follow.
- •4. Do the shopping crossword and check how easy it is.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following.
- •Vocabulary practice
- •Introductory text
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. Which symptoms indicate these diseases?
- •3. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words.
- •4. Match the words on the left to their definitions on the right.
- •5. What advice does the doctor give?
- •6. Translate the sentences into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Complete the following dialogue with the appropriate words from the box.
- •3. Below is step-to-step guide to artificial respiration. Put the jumbled sentences in the right order by numbering them (1 – 7).
- •4. Put the words into the gaps in the text.
- •5. Put the correct words from the table below in the above article.
- •6. Read the article; state whether the sentences given after it true (t) or false (f).
- •2. Study the article and discuss the following:
- •3. Read the article about eating disorders and tell whether you agree / disagree with the following statements:
- •Introductory text
- •Vocabualary practice
- •4. Organize these words and put them in the correct columns below.
- •Valuable, afford, traditional, weird, video arcades, rhythm
- •Introductory text
- •2. Define whether the text statement is true (t) or false (f).
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. Match the words and word combinations from the left column with the definitions from the right column.
- •2. Find the ‘odd one out’. There may be more than one answer. Give your reasons.
- •3. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •4. Read the sayings of famous people about art and decide which definition appeals to you most. You may choose several sayings to complete your own definition.
- •5. Read the following dialogue and discuss the after-dialogue questions.
- •1. Read the lines of a comic vaudeville ‘Romantic Fools’ by Rich Orloff.
- •2. What word or phrase is being defined?
- •3. Fill in the blanks below with the words in the box.
- •Blockbusters
- •4. Study the inside structure of a theatre. Which seats are the most prestigious / convenient / cheap / expensive?
- •5. Write out music styles mentioned in the text. Think of other styles, give their definition or description.
- •6. Translate into English.
- •3. Read the text and discuss the following.
- •In the town (Directions, Street Notices)
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Translate the words in brackets using the text information.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. Make up the words out of the given letters.
- •2. Find the topic-connected words among jumbled letters in the box.
- •3. Match the words or word combinations with their definitions.
- •4. Match the sign with the correct word below.
- •5. Choose a proper word from the box to complete the sentences.
- •6. Translate into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Fill in the gaps of the text using the words in right-hand column.
- •3. You are at point X in the map. Follow the directions and write the name of the place next to each sentence.
- •1. Read the text and do the activities that follow.
- •2. Read the text about the underground system in London, divide it into logical parts, entitle them.
- •Introductory text
- •Vocabualary practice
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Complete the following sentences using the text information.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •3. Find the ‘odd one out’. There may be more than one answer. Give your reasons.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •3. Translate the following dialogues into English.
- •4. Translate into English.
- •5. Translate the words in brackets in the correct tense form.
- •1. Read the text and find examples of historical hotels in your own country.
- •2. What would you say in these situations?
- •3. Disagree with the statements avoiding simple negations.
- •4. Lest we forget how difficult it is to master the English language, consider these travel and hotel signs from around the world. Try to say them correctly.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Choose one suitable word underlined in each sentence.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •1. Match the words and word combinations from the left column with the definitions from the right column.
- •2. Choose the correct variant.
- •3. Choose the correct response out of two. If both responses are acceptable, choose the one that sounds more natural.
- •4. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •5. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •2. Read the text, putting the verbs in the proper tense form.
- •3. Work in pairs. Make up the dialogues on the following situations:
- •4. Guess what holidays (American, Ukrainian and British) are described in the following sentences. The answers are given below.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Complete the sentences.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •3. Choose the correct variant to complete the sentences.
- •4. Match the halves of the sentence.
- •5. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Translate these questions into English and answer them.
- •1. Read the text and do the tasks that follow.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •4. Paraphrase the parts of the sentences in bold type using words and word combinations from the text. Change the new sentences if it is required.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •3. Find the ‘odd one out’. There may be more than one answer. Give your reasons.
- •4. What do you think a good language learner does? Make up as many sentences as possible with the phrase given in the table.
- •5. Match the words and word combinations with their explanation.
- •6. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where required.
- •1. Read the following dialogue.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Decide which answer – a, b, c or d – best fits each space and read the story given below.
- •4. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form and grammar category as in the example.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Choose the correct answer.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. There are 15 words in this word square that are connected with money. Find 14 more by looking across or down the word square.
- •3. What can you say in these situations? Complete the sentences but don’t use the underlined words and phrases.
- •4. Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence.
- •5. Match the words and word combinations from the left column with the definitions from the right column.
- •6. Choose one suitable word underlined in each sentence.
- •1. Read the following dialogues.
- •2. Choose the most suitable response to each sentence (a-I) from the sentences (1-9).
- •3. Translate the sentences into English.
- •4. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •5. Read the conversations below and guess the meanings of the phrases in bold. Match them with the definitions after the dialogues.
- •1. Read the text and do the tasks given after it.
- •2. Read and explain the following quotations.
- •Introductory text
- •1. Comprehension questions.
- •2. Find in the text English equivalents to the following words and phrases.
- •Vocabualary practice
- •2. Translate the words given in brackets.
- •3. Read the text. Use the word given in brackets changing its form as in the example.
- •4. Choose the correct word in each sentence.
- •5. Choose the correct option.
- •6. Translate the following sentences.
- •4. Read the dialogues.
- •5. What would you say if you took part in these dialogues?
- •6. Translate the dialogues into English.
- •1. Study the following information carefully and give answers to the questions.
- •3. Read the sample of application form. What is the difference between application form and resume? Try to fill in the following:
- •In the town
- •Verb. Auxiliary Verbs to be, to have, to do
- •Indefinite Group of Tenses
- •Infinitive
- •1. Insert articles a / an, the where possible.
- •2. Complete the sentences using a / an, the where necessary.
- •3. Supply a / an, the where possible.
- •4. Choose the correct answer, pay attention on the usage of a definite article.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •1. Make the following nouns plural.
- •2.Choose the correct verb is / are. Mind the noun (singular or plural).
- •3. Make selected nouns plural. Don’t forget to make other changes in the sentences.
- •4. Choose the correct word in brackets.
- •5. Choose the correct form of the compound noun.
- •6. Write selected nouns singular. Make changes in the sentence where necessary.
- •7. Correct the mistakes in these sentences.
- •8. Rewrite these sentences using ‘s, s’, or just an apostrophe (‘).
- •9. Translate into English.
- •10*. Supply the correct plural forms.
- •2. Fill in the missing words into the gaps. Mind the first two words in each task.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Decide which one is right. If wrong correct it.
- •6. Rewrite the sentences using the italicized words.
- •7. Supply as…as, not so…as, less.
- •8. Read the conversation with Todd. He compares the places he visited last year. Can you complete any of the sentences?
- •9. Translate into English.
- •10*. Put in the right forms. Alternatives are possible.
- •1. Use the correct personal pronouns. Watch the words in brackets. Model: ___ often reads books. (Lisa) – She often reads books.
- •2. Put in my / our / your / his / her / their / its.
- •3. Choose the right word.
- •4. Put in the relative pronouns who, which or whose where necessary. Model: Peter is the boy ____ rides the blue bike. – Peter is the boy who rides the blue bike.
- •5. Supply anybody / anyone, nothing, anything, nobody / no one, somebody / someone or something in these sentences.
- •6. Translate into English.
- •7*. Put in reflexive pronouns (ourselves, etc.) or object pronouns (us, etc.).
- •Verbs to be, to have, to do
- •1. Put in the following forms of to be (am, are, is) into the gaps in the text.
- •2. Supply am, is, are, was, were or weren’t.
- •3. Decide which tense / number of the expression there is / are fits in the sentence below.
- •5. Look at the underlined forms of have, has or had in the following sentences. Decide whether these verbs are auxiliary verbs or main verbs.
- •6. Complete the following sentences by using the right form of to have (have, has, had).
- •7. Define the meaning of the verb “to do” in the following sentences.
- •8. Complete the following sentences by using the right form of to do (do, don’t, does, doesn’t, did, didn’t, done).
- •Indefinite group
- •1. Replace the infinitive in brackets by the Present Indefinite Tense (I do).
- •2. Choose the correct verb in each sentence.
- •4. Put the words in these questions in correct order. Then, write short answers.
- •5. Translate into English.
- •1. Complete these sentences. Use the verbs from the box in Past Indefinite.
- •2. Supply the past forms of the irregular verbs in italics.
- •5. Correct the following sentences.
- •1. Put the following sentences in the Future Indefinite Tense.
- •2. Insert the missing conjunctions in the following sentences. Use conjunctions: when, till, before, after, as soon as, while, if.
- •4. Complete the sentences. Use I think I’ll … or I don’t think I’ll and one of the following verbs: buy, go, have, play.
- •6. Translate into English.
- •7. Put down five types of questions to the following sentences.
- •1. Open the brackets using Present Continuous (I’m doing).
- •2. Translate the words given in brackets using Present Continuous.
- •3. Use the verbs given in brackets in Present Indefinite (I do) / Present Continuous (I’m doing).
- •4. Complete the sentences with Present Indefinite (I do) / Present Continuous (I’m doing) forms of the following verbs.
- •Belong, need, see, take, bite, play, shine, understand, drive, prefer, sing, watch, look, rain, snow, write
- •1. Use Past Continuous (I was doing) in the sentences below.
- •2. Complete the sentences in a choosing the most suitable phrase from b.
- •3. Make sentences from the words in brackets. Put the verbs into correct form: Past Indefinite (I did) / Past Continuous (I was doing).
- •4. Complete the sentences using Past Continuous of the verbs in the box.
- •5. Thanslate the following sentences.
- •6*. Put in Past Indefinite (I did) / Past Continuous (I was doing). Note where both forms are possible.
- •1. Open the brackets using Future Continuous (I will be doing).
- •2. Supply Future Indefinite (I will do) / Future Continuous (I will be doing).
- •3. Use Past Continuous (I was doing) / Future Continuous (I will be doing) in the following sentences.
- •4. Translate the following sentences.
- •6*. Put in the correct forms of have / have got.
- •2. Join these pairs of sentences, using the conjunctions in brackets. Change one verb into the Past Perfect (I had done).
- •3. Supply the Past Perfect (I had done) / Past Simple (I did).
- •4. Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Simple (I did) / Past Continuous (I was doing) / Past Perfect (I had done)
- •5. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •6. Make up five types of questions to the following sentences.
- •7*. Open the brackets using Past Simple (I did) / Past Perfect (I had done)
- •3. Using the words in brackets, complete the text below with the Future Simple (I will do) / Future Perfect (I will have done)
- •4. First, read Jack’s itinerary for tomorrow. Then, for each sentence, choose either Future Continuous (I will be doing) or Future Perfect (I will have done) to complete it.
- •5*. Put in the Future Simple (I will do) / Future Continuous (I will be doing) / Future Perfect (I will have done).
- •Insert ‘have’ / ‘has’ according to the person given.
- •8*. Put in the Present Perfect (I have done) / Present Perfect Continuous (I have been doing) / Past Simple (I did).
- •5*. Put in the Past Perfect (I had done) / Past Perfect Continuous (I had been doing) / Past Simple (I did). Give alternatives where possible.
- •1. Write passive sentences in Present, Past, Future Simple.
- •2. Rewrite the sentences in Passive Voice.
- •3. Rewrite the sentences in the proper tenses in Passive.
- •4. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Indefinite or Past Continuous Passive.
- •5. When were these famous people born? Choose the right year for each person.
- •6. Complete the sentences using being with one of these verbs: keep, pay, attack, give, invite, use, ask
- •7. Give the following sentences in Passive Voice.
- •8. Rewrite the sentences in Active Voice.
- •9. Translate into English using the verbs in Passive.
- •10*. Put in the correct forms, active or passive, of the verbs in brackets.
- •1. Choose the correct word from those in brackets to fill the blank in each sentence.
- •2. Fill in the table reporting the statements with said (except 13) moving the clauses ‘one tense back’.
- •3. Turn each direct-speech statements into indirect speech with tense changes.
- •4. Report these Yes / No questions moving the clauses ‘one tense back’.
- •5. Report these special questions moving the clauses ‘one tense back’.
- •6. Report these subject-questions moving the clauses ‘one tense back’ only where necessary.
- •7. Report the following statements using indirect commands.
- •I told him to wait for me.
- •8. Renew direct speech in the following sentences.
- •9. Translate the sentences following the rules of Sequence of Tenses.
- •10*. Put in the correct forms and tenses into the gaps.
- •1. Supply the correct forms of the missing verbs.
- •2. Change these sentences to begin with an imperative.
- •3. Write Type 2 Conditionals to match these situations.
- •If I had a spare ticket, I could / would take you to the concert.
- •4. Write sentences with I wish…
- •5. Comment on the following situations with if (expressing regret, etc.).
- •If John hadn’t eaten too / so much birthday cake, he wouldn’t have been sick.
- •6. Use Mixed Conditionals in these sentences.
- •7. Open brackets using Zero Conditional.
- •8. Translate into English using Conditionals.
- •9*. Put in the right Conditionals.
- •Infinitive
- •1. Translate and memorize the following expressions.
- •2. State the form and the function of the Infinitive. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •3. Use the appropriate form of the Infinitive.
- •4. Insert to where necessary.
- •5. Combine each of the following parts of sentences into one sentence using an Infinitive.
- •6. Complete the following sentences by adding the Infinitive to each sentence.
- •7. Insert the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets after ‘would rather’ and ‘would sooner’.
- •8. Translate the sentences into English using the Infinitive.
- •9*. Put in the correct forms of the verbs.
- •Insert to where necessary.
- •1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian, paying special attention to the use of the Complex Object.
- •2. Insert to where necessary.
- •3. Replace the following complex sentences or groups of sentences by simple sentences with the Complex Object.
- •4. Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs. Give several variants where possible.
- •6. Translate the sentences into English using the Complex Object.
- •1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the Complex Subject.
- •2. Open the brackets using the correct form of the Infinitive.
- •3. Translate the words in brackets.
- •3. Paraphrase the following sentences using the Complex Subject.
- •4. Transform the following sentences using the Complex Subject. Use the verbs given in brackets.
- •5. Translate the sentence into English using the Complex Subject.
- •1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying special attention to the form and function of the Participle in the sentence.
- •2. Open the brackets using the correct form of the Participle. Don’t mix these forms.
- •3. Translate the following expressions.
- •4. Transform the following sentences according to the model.
- •5. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms from the right column.
- •6. Complete the sentences, using the Participle.
- •7. Open the brackets. Use the appropriate forms of the Participle or of the Infinitive.
- •8. Translate the sentences into English using the Participle.
- •9*. Put in the correct forms of the infinitive or –ing.
- •Insert the right form of the Participle into the blank space.
- •1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying special attention to the use of the Gerund.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary
- •3. Match the parts of sentences in two columns.
- •4. Complete the sentences by translating what is given in brackets using the Gerund. Insert prepositions where necessary.
- •5. Translate the sentences into English using the Gerund.
- •6. Put the verbs into the correct form (Gerund or Infinitive).
- •7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (Gerund or Infinitive).
- •1. Supply can, may, must and their negative forms (can’t / may not / mustn’t) where needed.
- •2. Rewrite these sentences using can, can’t, could, couldn’t.
- •3. Supply can, can’t, could, couldn’t, was / were able to, managed to. Alternatives are possible.
- •4. Supply suitable forms of to be able to in these sentences.
- •5. Complete the sentences with must, mustn’t, needn’t.
- •6. Supply must have been, can’t, couldn’t have been, have to, had to (be), didn’t have to (be).
- •7. Rephrase these notices to give or refuse permission. Begin each sentence with You…..
- •8. Supply the correct tense form of to allowed to.
- •9. Respond to these statements with should, shouldn’t, shouldn’t have done that, oughtn’t to have done that.
- •10. Translate the sentences using can / could / to be able to, may / might, must / to be to / to have to, should / ought to, need.
- •11*. Put in am, can, can’t, couldn’t, have had to, haven’t been able to, may, must, must be, must have.
Infinitive
Інфінітив
Інфінітив – це неособова форма дієслова, яка тільки називає дію та відповідає на запитання що робити, що зробити. Ознакою інфінітива в англійській мові є частка to, e.g. to write, to see, to make, to listen to, etc.
Інфінітив має такі форми:
Form of infinitive |
Active |
Passive |
Example |
Indefinite |
to write / to ask |
to be written / to be asked |
He was glad to see us. / He wants to make a speech. / We don’t want to be found. |
Continuous |
to be writing / to be asking |
--------------------- |
He seems to be listening to me. / They pretend to be working. |
Perfect |
to have written / to have asked |
to have been written / to have been asked |
I was happy to have helped you. / He is upset to have made such a mistake. / He doesn’t like to have been asked stupid questions. |
Perfect Continuous |
to have been writing / to have been asking |
--------------------- |
She’s delighted to have been working at this project for half of the year. / I’m disappointed to have been searching for my car keys since the morning. |
Випадки вживання інфінітива без частки to (bare infinitive)
Після допоміжних дієслів:
I don’t know her / They didn’t recognize me.
Після модальних дієслів:
I can play tennis quite well. / You may ask me anything. / We must tell her the truth.
Після дієслів, що виражають сприймання за допомогою органів чуття: to see / to hear / to feel / to watch / to observe / to notice:
I’ve never seen you look so well. / She heard him enter the room. / I felt my heart jump.
Після дієслів to make / to let / to dare:
Make them come in / If he calls, let me know / How dare you call me a liar?
Після висловів had better / would rather, sooner (…краще б) / cannot but (не може не…):
He said he would rather drink champagne. / You’d better go there alone. / He can’t but think about her.
Після слів than / rather than / but / except:
I’ll do anything but work for this company. / Rather than walk alone in a dark, I’ll take a taxi.
У реченнях, що починаються на why (not)(чому б вам не…):
Why not come and talk to her sincerely? / Why buy more fruits here?
Функції інфінітива в реченні
Підмета:
To walk in the garden was very pleasant. / Even to think of it gave me fortune.
у реченнях, що вводяться вставним it, українською мовою не перекладається.
It is useless to ask her about it. / It is necessary to meet her at the airport.
Предикатива (іменної частини складеного присудка):
The point is to reach that village. / The only thing to be done was to sit and to wait.
Частини дієслівного складеного присудка:
We must stay here longer. / You should have been careful.
Додатка:
He asked me to wait. / She offered us to move out.
Означення:
I’ve got a question to discuss. / They have no right to stay here.
Обставини мети:
I’ve come to greet you. / She’s at home to look after a child.
Complex Object (The Objective Infinitive Construction)
Складний додаток
Після певних дієслів в англійській мові може вживатись складний додаток, що складається з іменника або займенника в об’єктному відмінку та інфінітива або дієприкметника теперішнього часу основного дієслова. Українською мовою об’єктний інфінітивний комплекс здебільшого перекладається підрядним додатковим реченням або складним додатком: e.g. I saw him run to the river – Я бачив, як він біг до річки (him run – Complex Object, вжитий після дієслова to see).
Складний додаток вживається після таких дієслів: to want, to expect, to get, to believe, to wish, to consider, to find, to persuade, to desire, to allow, to like, to order, would prefer, would like. Інфінітив після них вживається з часткою to.
Mom wants me to be happy. / Nobody expected Monika to marry Henry. / Do you expect them to join us? / We’d like you to visit us. / I’d prefer you to stay here. / They will get you to do it. / You can’t persuade me to give up this idea. / I believe him to be an honest man.
Інфінітив вживається без частки to після дієслів:
сприймання за допомогою органів чуття to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to observe, to notice: e.g. I’ve never heard you sing. / We’ve watched you grow for many years.
що виражають наказ, прохання, дозвіл, пораду, примус to let, to make, to have: e.g. What makes you think so? / Never let him go. / They had the man do what they wanted.
Пам’ятка:
зворот з інфінітивом виражає, переважно, закінчену дію. Зворот із дієприкметником виражає дію, що триває.
I saw her enter the room. – Я бачив, як вона увійшла до кімнати.
I saw her entering the room. – Я бачив, як вона входила до кімнати.
Complex Object може також вживатися з Past Participle (Participle II) після дієслів, що виражають сприйняття, відчуття чи бажання.
She wants the work finished / She wants the work to be finished – Вона хоче, щоб роботу було закінчено.
коли у звороті Complex Object з Past Participle (Participle II) вживається дієслово to have, це означає, що дію виконує не особа, означена підметом, а хтось інший для неї або для нього.
He had his car mended. – Він відремонтував (віддав у ремонт) свою машину.
I’m going to have my hair cut. It’s too long. / You must certainly have your eyes tested. / When are you going to have your piano tuned? / He had his computer connected to the Internet.
Complex Subject (The Subjective Infinitive Construction)
Суб’єктний інфінітивний комплекс
Суб’єктний інфінітивний комплекс складається з двох частин: перша – іменник у загальному відмінку або займенник у називному відмінку, друга – інфінітив, що виражає дію, яку виконує чи якої зазнає особа або предмет, позначений іменником чи займенником. Обидві частини відокремлені присудком: e.g. The boy was seen to run there. – Бачили, як хлопець туди побіг. (the boy to run – Complex Subject, вжитий після дієслова to see у Past simple Passive) / He is said to live in Kyiv. / They are known to be good students. / He is said to have become a doctor.
Usage (Вживання)
Вживається, коли присудок виражено такими дієсловами в PassiveVoice:
to say / to state / to suppose / to see / to order / to hear / to announce / to believe / to think / to ask / to expect / to know / to understand / to consider / to allow
We were asked to wait in the office. – Нас попросили почекати в офісі.
They are supposed to arrive in time. – Очікується, що вони приїдуть вчасно.
Вживається, коли присудок виражено такими дієсловами в ActiveVoice:
to seem / to happen / to appear / to chance / to prove / to turn over (out)
He seems to notice nothing unusual. – Здається, що він не помічає нічого дивного.
They happen to have forgotten their child in a shop. – Сталося так, що ви забули свою дитину в магазині.
Вживається, коли присудок виражено словосполученнями to be likely / to be unlikely / to be certain / to be uncertain / to be sure:
They are certain to come. – Вони безперечно прийдуть.
He is sure to phone her. – Він їй точно подзвонить.
The Participle
Дієприкметник
Дієприкметник – це неособова форма дієслова, що має властивості дієслова, прикметника та прислівника. В англійській мові розрізняють два види дієприкметника – дієприкметник теперішнього часу (Present Participle / Participle I (-ing ending): e.g. sitting / watching) і дієприкметник минулого часу (Past Participle / Participle II (VIII(ed)): e.g. dressed / made).
Форми дієприкметника
Form of Participle |
Active |
Passive |
Example |
Translation |
Present |
asking |
being asked |
The girl standing at the window is my sister. / He sat in the arm-chair thinking. (Active) / Do you like the film being discussed? / He doesn’t like the song being heard. (Passive) |
Дівчина, яка стоїть біля вікна, моя сестра. / Він сів у крісло, думаючи. / Тобі подобається фільм, який зараз обговорюють? / Йому не подобається пісня, яку він зараз чує. |
Past |
----------------- |
asked |
He doesn’t like boiled water. / A broken vase is on the floor. (Passive) |
Йому не подобається кип’яче молоко / Розбита ваза на підлозі. |
Perfect |
having asked |
having been asked |
Having written the letter, he has sent it. / Having made the report, he left the room. (Active) / Having been approved by the company, the project was carried out. / Having been assembled, cars were delivered to customers. (Passive) |
Написавши листа, він його відправив. / Закінчивши доповідь, він вийшов. / Після схвалення компанією, проект був реалізований. / Після збирання, машини відправили покупцям. |
The Gerund
Герундій
Герундій – це неособова форма дієслова із закінченням –ing, що має властивості дієслова й іменника. Як і інфінітив, герундій називає дію: reading читання, listening слухання.
В українській мові немає форми, яка відповідала б герундію. Слова читання, слухання – іменники, що утворились від дієслів, але не мають граматичних ознак дієслова.
Форми герундія
Form of Gerund |
Active |
Passive |
Example |
Indefinite |
writing |
being written |
I like inviting friends. / I like being taken to the parties. |
Perfect |
having written |
having been written |
I remember having met this guy somewhere. / I remember having been told about this matter. |
Вживання герундія
Gerund+Verb |
Gerund+Verb with Preposition |
Gerund+Phrase |
to avoid / to admit |
to agree to / to accuse of |
to feel like |
to appreciate / to consider |
to approve of / to be afraid of |
to be for |
to delay / to deny |
to consist in / to complain of |
to be against |
to detect / to enjoy |
to prevent from / to succeed in |
can’t help |
to explain / to fancy |
to persist in / to be engaged in |
can’t avoid |
to finish / to forgive |
to spend in / to result in |
can’t afford |
to give up / to go on |
|
can’t stand |
to imagine / to help (on) / to hate |
to hear of / to suspect of |
don’t mind |
to keep (on) / to like / to love |
to inform of / to give up the idea of |
|
to miss / to mention / to mind |
to think of / to be capable of |
|
to pardon / to postpone (to put off) / to prefer |
to be fond of / to be proud of |
|
to put off / to resent |
to insist in / to depend on |
|
to suggest / to stop / to start |
to object to / to be surprised at |
|
She likes cooking food. / Smoking is harmful. / She gave up asking unnecessary questions. / They hate breaking rules. / I don’t mind going there. / Do you like skating? / She denied her being there. / He kept on working in spite of his illness. / He was accused of stealing money. / I’m capable of crossing this wide river myself. / I’m surprised at being asked about it. / Her sons are fond of boxing. / He took her by her arm to prevent from falling. / Walking on grass is forbidden. / I feel like drinking something fresh. / I couldn’t help laughing because the film was extremely funny. / We don’t mind traveling there. / She can’t stand his crazy driving. / We can’t afford buying this now.
Пам’ятка:
після дієслів to need, to want, to require та після прикметника worth (вартий) вживається герундій у формі Active:
This girl is worth kissing / That University is worth entering. / This house needs repairing. / He doesn’t want listening to that loud music. / This thing requires special handling.
герундій може вживатися після іменника в присвійному відмінку або після займенника:
He complains of my walking too slowly. / I insisted on her arriving here. / She doesn’t object to the doctor’s visiting.
Modals and their equivalents
Модальні дієслова та їх еквіваленти
В англійській мові є група дієслів (can, may, must, ought, should, need), які називають модальними. Ці дієслова не мають усіх основних форм, властивих іншим дієсловам, і тому їх ще називають недостатніми (Defective Verbs).
Модальні дієслова не вживаються самостійно, а лише в поєднанні з інфінітивом іншого дієслова: e.g. I can play tennis. / We must leave now, it’s late.
Модальні дієслова не виражають дії або стану, а лише можливість, необхідність, бажаність, імовірність, сумнів, дозвіл, заборону, здатність виконання дії, позначеної інфінітивом.
Властивості модальних дієслів
Після модальних дієслів інфінітив вживається без частки to: e.g. He can dance. / You may come in.
Модальні дієслова утворюють питальну і заперечну форми без допоміжних дієслів: e.g. Can you speak German? / I shouldn’t do this now.
У третій особі однини закінчення –s не додається: e.g. He reads. – He can read. / She never helps. – She can’t help.
Contracted negative forms of modals:
can not – can’t (could not – couldn’t) / may not – mayn’t / must not – mustn’t / should not – shouldn’t / ought not – oughtn’t
Modal Verb |
Equivalent |
Present |
Past |
Future |
Meaning |
Example |
can |
to be able to |
can am / is / are able to |
could was/ were able to |
------------ will be able to |
1) можу, вмію(фізична здатність) 2) дозвіл / заборона / прохання |
1) I can do it now. / I was able to pick up that bag. 2) You can go there. / You can’t use this tool. / Can (Could) you show me that book? |
may |
to be allowed to |
may am / is / are allowed to |
might was / were allowed to |
------------ will be allowed to |
1) можеш, можете (дозвіл) |
1) You may take my dress for this party. / He is allowed to drive a car on his own. |
must |
have to to be to |
must have / has to am / is / are to |
------------ had to was / were to |
------------ will have to ----------- |
1) повинен, мусиш (обов’язок) |
1) She must go there tomorrow. / I don’t have to stay here. / They are to come at seven. / He was to wait for me at the airport. |
should |
------------- |
should |
------------ |
------------ |
1) порада / рекомендація / інструкція |
1) You should do it. / You shouldn’t have done it. |
ought to |
------------- |
ought to |
------------ |
------------- |
1) моральний обов’язок |
1) A child ought to be in bed, it’s too late. / He ought to be at home now, he is being waited for. |
Пам’ятка:
Модальні дієслова в поєднанні з різними формами інфінітива можуть виражати:
Can
could+Perfect Infinitive
She could have gone earlier, but she didn’t. – Вона могла б піти раніше, але не пішла.
He could have got it in time, but he failed. – Він міг би отримати це вчасно, але йому не вдалося.
сумнів / здивування
Can she know English? – Невже вона знає англійську? / Can she have said it? – Невже вона це сказала? / Can he be working now? – Невже він зараз подорожує?
здивування з відтінком невіри / малої ймовірності
He can’t have done this. – Не може бути, щоб він це сказав. / She can’t have been jogging so long. – Не може бути, щоб вона так довго бігала.
May
припущення з відтінком невпевненості
He may be at home now. – Можливо, він зараз удома. / They may have told him the truth. – Можливо, вони сказали йому правду. / He may be practicing now. – Можливо, він зараз тренується.
несхвалення / докір
She might be more serious with her work. – Вона могла б бути більш серйозною на роботі. / He might have helped us. – Він міг би нам і допомогти.
Must
припущення з відтінком впевненості
He must be about sixty now. – Йому, напевне, зараз близько шістдесяти. / He must have met them at the station already. – Він, напевне, уже зустрів їх на вокзалі.
PART III
GRAMMAR PRACTICE (EXERCISES)
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