- •Theory of phonetics. Contents
- •II. Branches of phonetics.
- •III. Connection of phonetics with other sciences.
- •Topics for discussions:
- •I. The vocal mechanism of producing oral speech.
- •II. Groups of organs.
- •III. Segmental and suprasegmental phonetics.
- •Topics for discussions:
- •I. Speech sounds: phones, phonemes allophones.
- •II. Functions of phonemes.
- •III. The place of allophones in the sound system.
- •Topics for discussions:
- •I. The English articulation basis.
- •II. Classifications of Consonants.
- •III. Modifications of consonants in connected speech.
- •Topics for discussions:
- •I. Articulation features of the English and Russian consonants. Plosive
- •Affricates
- •Sonorants
- •Constrictive
- •Constrictive sonorants
- •II. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the English and Russian consonant systems.
- •Topics for discussion:
- •II. The qualitative analysis of the English and Russian vowel systems. Front monophthongs
- •Back monophthongs
- •Central monophthongs
- •Diphthongs with [I]-glide
- •Diphthongs with [V]-glide
- •Diphthongs with [q]-glide
- •III. Modifications of Vowels in Connected Speech.
- •Topics for discussion:
- •I. The study of syllabic structure of English and Russian words (theories).
- •II. Syllable division.
- •Topics for discussion:
- •I. Word stress.
- •II. Types of stress.
- •III. Functional aspect of word stress.
- •IV Shift of stress.
- •Topics for discussion.
- •III. Rhythm.
- •Topics for discussion.
Topics for discussions:
What are the main common features of the English articulation basis? Give your examples.
On what criteria are classifications of consonants based? What is common and what is different between these consonants: occlusive, constrictive and affricate? What group do sonorants belong to according to the type of obstruction? How do the vocal cords work when we pronounce a) vowels, b) voiceless consonants, c) voiced consonants, d) sonorants?
What are the main modifications of sounds in connected speech? Explain all possible cases of assimilation. What does it affect?
What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation? What can be affected as a result of accommodation?
Which phonetic phenomenon takes place more often elision or insertion? Prove it by giving your examples.
Lecture V. Comparative analysis of the Russian and English consonants.
Key words:
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1. the blade of the tongue – тело языка 2. counterpart ['kaVntqpRt] – двойник, 3. friction ['frIkSn] - трение 4. create[krI'eIt]- создавать |
5. interrupt ["Intq'rApt] - прерывать 6. audible ['LdIbl] - слышимый 7. sequence ['sIkwqns]– последователь-ность |
I. Articulation features of the English and Russian consonants.
II. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the English and Russian consonant systems.
I. Articulation features of the English and Russian consonants. Plosive
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ENGLISH |
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RUSSIAN |
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[p, b] [p]- Lips are pressed together. A complete obstruction is formed in order the air passage through the mouth to be blocked for a short time. The air escapes with plosion. [p] is more intensive than [b] to aspirate. Vocal cords are kept apart and don’t vibrate. [b] – Vocal cords are drawn together and vibrate. |
[п, б] [п] is pronounced without any aspiration. The front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate, thus palatalizing the sound. | |
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[t, d] Are articulated with the tip of the tongue pressed against the alveolar ridge. A complete obstruction is formed in order the air passage through the mouth to be blocked for a short time. The air escapes with plosion. [t] is more intensive than [d]. To avoid mistakes you should press the tip of the tongue slightly against the alveolar ridge. |
[т, д] The blade of the tongue touches the upper teeth, the tip being passive and lowed. [т] is not aspirated, it is palatalized. | |
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[k, g] Are articulated with the back of the tongue pressed against the soft palate. A complete obstruction is formed in order the air passage through the mouth to be blocked for a short time. The back of the tongue is quickly removed from the soft palate and the air escapes with plosion. To train these sounds you are to remove the obstruction and break it more slowly. |
[к, г] The tongue takes a more advanced position and the central part of the tongue is pressed against the juncture of the hard and soft palate, thus palatalizing the sound. | |