Theory of phonetics. Contents

Lecture I. Phonetics as a science………………………………………………………3

I. Phonetic study…………………………………………………………………………3

II.Branches of phonetics………………………………………………………………..4

III. Connection of phonetics with other sciences……………………………………….6

Lecture II. Oral speech production……………………………………………………7

I. The vocal mechanism of producing oral speech………………………………………8

II. Groups of organs…………………………………………………………………..…9

III. Segmental and suprasegmental phonetics…………………………………………10

Lecture III. Phonemes and speech sounds…………………………………………...12

1. Speech sounds: phones, phonemes allophones…………………………………13

2. Functions of phonemes………………………………………………………….15

3. The place of allophones in the sound system…………………………………..16

Lecture IV. The System of English phonemes (consonants)……………………….17

I. The English articulation basis…………………………………………………….…19

II. Classifications of consonants………………………………………………………21

III. Modifications of consonants in connected speech…………………………………23

Lecture V. Comparative analysis of the Russian and English consonants……..…27

I. Articulation features of the English and Russian consonants…………………….…27

II. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the English and Russian consonant systems…………………………………………………………………………………34

Lecture VI. The System of English phonemes (vowels)……………………………38

1. Classificatory description of English vowels……………………………….38

II.The qualitative analysis of the English and Russian vowel systems………………45

III. Modifications of Vowels in Connected Speech……………………………………52

Lecture VII. Syllabiс system…………………………………………………………..55

I.The study of syllabic structure of English and Russian words (theories)……………56

II. Syllable division………………………………………………………………….…60

Lecture VIII. Stress (accentual) structure of English words…………………………63

I. Word stress………………………………………………………………………..….64

II. Types of stress………………………………………………………………………68

III.Functional aspect of word stress…………………………………………………...69

IV. Shift of stress……………………………………………………………………….70

Lecture IX. Intonation…………………………………………………………….…..73

I. Structure of intonation………………………………………………………….……73

II. The communicative function of intonation…………………………………………80

III.Rhythm……………………………………………………………………………..84

Lecture X. Problems of Phonostylistics……………………………………………….89

Lecture I. Phonetics as a science.

Key words:

1. audible shape ['LdIbl] – звуковая «оболочка» (форма) 2 .phoneme['fqVnJm]- фонема 3. sequence ['sIkwqns]– последователь- ность 4 .medium (pl. media)['mJdIqm]– зд. средство, способ 5 .ascertain["xsq'tein]– установить, выяснить 6. assess[q'ses] определять (сумму), оценивать 7. phenomenon (pl phenomena) [fq'nOmInqn]- явление 8. relevant['relqvqnt] – уместный, отно- сящийся к делу 9. indispensable["IndIs'pensqbl]– необ- ходимый, обязательный 10. require[rI'kwaIq] - требовать

11. consonant cluster['kOnsqnqnt'klAstq]– буквосочетание согласных 12. frequency['frIkwqnsI]- частота 13. occurrence[q'kArqns]– местонахож- дение, распространение 14. to shuffle [SAfl]– перемещать, перемешивать 15. indiscriminately ["IndIs'krImInqtlI] – неразборчиво, беспорядочно, без каких-либо различий 16. prerequisite[prJ'rekwqzIt]– пред- посылка, необходимое условие 17. acquisition["xkwI'zISn]– приобре- тение 18. recall [rI'kLl] - вспоминать 19. constraint[kqn'strein]– принужде- ние, напряженность 20. perception [pq'sepSn] - восприятие 21. extent [Iks'tent] - степень

I. Phonetic study.

II.Branches of phonetics.

III. Connection of phonetics with other sciences.

I. Phonetics is concerned with the human noises by which the thought is actualized or given audible shape: the nature of these noises, their combinations, and their functions in relation to the meaning. Phonetics studies the sound system of the language, that is segmental phonemes, word stress, syllabic structure and intonation. It is expression level, but we should take into account the content level as well, because only meaningful sound sequences produced by a human vocal apparatus are regarded as speech. Phonetics is very important in the study of language. No kind of linguistic study can be made without constant consideration of the material on the expression level. It is the basic branch of linguistics and no language description is complete

without phonetics, the science concerned with the spoken medium of language.

PHONETICS:

↓ ↓

Phonology the study of substance

(the study of the sound patterns, of how (carries the code)

a spoken language functions as a “code”)