книга ТЕПЛИЦЫ (3)
.pdfɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɰɢɢ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ
Ⱥɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨ ɨɬɬɨɤ ɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɬɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɫɜɨɸɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɥɢɫɬɶɹɯ Ⱦɥɹ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵ ɚɫɫɢɦɢɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɚɡ ɫɥɚɛɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɶɢɰɚɦɢ
ɇɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɤɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɝɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɢ ɤ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɜɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɥɨɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɫɥɚɛɟɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ɉɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɬɟɩɥɢɰ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ. ɋɚɦɵɣ ɞɟɲɟɜɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɋɈ2 ± ɛɢɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɧɚɜɨɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɭɫɨɪ ± ɥɢɫɬɶɹ ɫɨɪɧɹɤɢ ɢ ɬ ɩ ɨɬɯɨɞɵ ± ɛɨɬɜɚ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ).
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɵ Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɤɭɛɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ
Ɉɩɵɬɵ ɩɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɵ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ȼ ɩɚɫɦɭɪɧɵɟ ɞɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ɉɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɋɈ2 ɜɵɡɵɜɚɥɨ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɋɈ2 ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɫɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɵ ɢ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɗɬɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɨɫɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɢ
Ϯϲ
ɋ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢɋɈ2 ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɭɸ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɥɟɞ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɝ ɧɚ ɦ3 ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨɋɈ2 ɧɚɨɜɨɳɧɵɟɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɋɈ2 ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɦɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ
ȼ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ -60% ɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ
ɉɪɢɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯɨɫɚɞɤɚɯɢ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɜɵɲɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɉɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɨɬ ɞɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɭ
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɋɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ȼɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɪɟɞɧɨ
ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɦɹɧ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɞɧɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɉɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɨɬ ɞɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɠɟɝ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɉɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ 0,7% ɨɫɥɚɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɡɦɨɥɢɡ ɚ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɱɚɫɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɝɢɛɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ
2.4. ȼɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ
ɋɜɟɬ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ©ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦª ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɪɨɫɬɚ
Ϯϳ
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɚɯ ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɜɨɳɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɹ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɢ ɩɪ
Ɉɜɨɳɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɬ ɞɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɉɪɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɨɜɨɳɚɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɟɜɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɜɨɳɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɛɵɦɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɝɨɪɶɤɢɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɤɭɫ
ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɩɪɢ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚɯ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɦɚɥɨɚɪɨɦɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɯɚɪɚ ɢ ɫɨɥɟɣ
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɚɞɵ ɉɟɪɟɫɚɞɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨɪɨɫɬɚɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɪɧɹɦɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɥɵ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɚɯ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɨɦɚɬɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɡɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɥɢɜɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɫɥɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɦ
ɋɥɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɦ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɦ2 ± ɦ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɉɨɥɢɜɧɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɰɢɢ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɞɨɛɪɨɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ.
Ϯϴ
ȼɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ
-ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ
-ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ
-ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ
-ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɣɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɜɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɫɚɥɚɬ ɪɟɞɢɫ ɲɩɢɧɚɬ ɨɝɭɪɰɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɚɪɛɭɡɵ ɞɵɧɢ ɩɪɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɜɨɞɟ
Ɋɟɩɱɚɬɵɣ ɥɭɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬ ɜɨɞɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɨɜɨɳɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɜɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɩɱɚɬɵɣ ɥɭɤ Ʉɬɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɥ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɥɭɤ ɬɨɬ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɥ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɜɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɬɨɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɬɢɩɤɚɤɨɜ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬ ɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɵ©ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɨɬɢɩª
Ʉɨɪɧɟɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ - ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɜɨɞɟɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɭɸ ɡɚɫɭɯɭ
Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
-ɬɵɤɜɚ ɦ3;
-ɫɜɟɤɥɚ ɦ3;
-ɥɭɤ ɦ3.
Ϯϵ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɹ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ȼɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɩɚɫɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ ɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ
ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɨɪ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɨɬɨɛɴɟɦɚɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɜɨɞɵ ɡɚɩɚɫɚɟɦɨɣɩɨɱɜɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬɨɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɹɱɟɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɪɵ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɝɥɢɧɚ ɞɨ 78,6%).
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɢɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɤ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɨɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɹɧ
-ɤɚɩɭɫɬɚ ɢ ɨɝɭɪɰɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɨɤɨɥɨ
-ɦɨɪɤɨɜɶ ɢ ɫɜɟɤɥɚ ɫɜɵɲɟ
-ɝɨɪɨɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɉɪɢɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɱɜɵ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤɜɥɚɝɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɟɟ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɢɧɫɨɥɹɰɢɹ
ɋɨɫɭɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɦɢɫɹ ɡɚɩɚɫɚɦɢ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɗɬɨɬ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ©ɦɟɪɬɜɵɦª ɨɧ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨɭɞɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɧɨɫɬɢª
ϯϬ
ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɧɟɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ
ɋ ɩɨɬɟɪɟɣ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɜɨɞɨɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪ
ȼɫɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɜɨɞɟ Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɢɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ - ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɨɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɚ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɪ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ
Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɵɪɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɟɧ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɠɚɟɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɉɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɭɛɬɪɨɩɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɨɩɢɤɨɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɲɢɪɨɬ ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɬɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɚɝɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɬɟɦ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɇɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ
ɭɪɨɠɚɟ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɹ ȼɨɡɞɟɥɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɜɨɳɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɉɪɢ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ
ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ϯϭ
ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ Ɋɚɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɟɪɹɬɶ ɥɢɫɬɶɹ ɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɩɚɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɫɹ
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɜɨɳɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɩɥɨɞɨɪɨɞɢɸ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢɜɪɚɜɧɨɣɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɟɦɢɪɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɢɳɢ ɉɨ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɜɵɧɨɫɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɢɳɢ - ɚɡɨɬ ɮɨɫɮɨɪ ɤɚɥɢɣ
ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
-ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɜɵɧɨɫ ɝ ɦ2 ɧɚ ɤɝ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɚɩɭɫɬɵ ɫɜɟɤɥɚ ɦɨɪɤɨɜɶ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ
-ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɵɧɨɫ ɬɨɦɚɬɵ ɝ ɦ2 ɧɚ ɤɝ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɥɭɤ ɝ ɦ2 ɧɚ ɤɝ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ
-ɦɚɥɵɣ ɜɵɧɨɫ ɫɚɥɚɬ ɝ ɦ2 ɧɚ ɤɝ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɲɩɢɧɚɬ ɝ ɦ2 ɧɚ ɤɝ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ
-ɨɫɨɛɨ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɜɵɧɨɫ ɪɟɞɢɫ ɝ ɦ2 ɧɚ ɤɝ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɨɝɭɪɰɵ ɝ ɦ2 ɧɚ ɤɝ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜɵɧɨɫɚɨɬɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɬɨɣɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ Ɋɟɲɚɸɳɢɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɧɭɠɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ
Ʉɪɨɦɟɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹɫɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɭɠɧɵɟ ɟɦɭ ɫɨɥɢ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
-ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ϯϮ
- ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɩɟɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɪɚɧɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ - ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɢɳɢ ± ɚɡɨɬɚ
ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɚɞɟ ɜɵɲɟ Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɶɹ ɉɪɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɚɫɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɭɪɨɠɚɣ
Ɋɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɛɨɬɜɵ ɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
Ʉɨɪɧɟɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɱɬɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɤɨɪɧɹɯ ɫɬɟɛɥɹɯ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɶɹɯ ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɱɚɧɨɜ ɤɨɪɧɟ-ɤɥɭɛɧɟɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɬ ɞ ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɥɢɫɬɶɟɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɨɱɚɧɨɜ ɤɨɪɧɟɩɥɨɞɨɜ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰ ɤɥɭɛɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɞɨɜ
Ȼɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɟ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɬɟɩɥɢɰɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
Ƚɪɨɦɚɞɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɣ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
ϯϯ
Ɉ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɯɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɫ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɟɫɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɢ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɣ ɨɜɨɳɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ
ʋ |
Ʉɭɥɶ- |
NPK |
ɍɪɨ- |
N |
P2O5 |
ɨɤɢɫɶ |
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ |
©ɭɪɨɠɚɣª |
||
|
ɬɭɪɚ |
ɤɝɝɚ |
ɠɚɣ |
ɚɡɨɬ |
ɮɨɫ- |
ɤɚɥɢɹ |
ɜɟɝɟ- |
ɤɝ |
ɫɭɯɨɝɨ |
|
|
|
|
ɰ ɝɚ |
|
ɮɨɪ |
Ʉ2Ɉ |
ɬɚɰɢɢ |
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ɞɧɟɣ |
ɫɵɪɨɝɨ ɜ-ɜɚ |
||
1 |
Ɋɟɞɢɫ |
119 |
100 |
50 |
18 |
51 |
30 |
ɬ ɤɝ |
||
2 |
Ɉɝɭɪɰɵ |
170 |
300 |
51 |
41 |
78 |
100 |
ɬ ɤɝ |
||
3 |
ɋɚɥɚɬ |
200 |
250 |
57 |
21 |
122 |
63 |
ɬ ɤɝ |
||
4 |
ɋɩɚɪɠɚ |
202 |
80 |
96 |
25 |
81 |
150 |
|
ɬ ɤɝ |
|
5 |
ɒɩɢɧɚɬ |
214 |
200 |
73 |
36 |
105 |
60 |
ɬ ɤɝ |
||
6 |
Ɏɚɫɨɥɶ |
218 |
120 |
108 |
27 |
83 |
100 |
ɬ ɤɝ |
||
7 |
Ʌɭɤ |
247 |
300 |
90 |
37 |
120 |
100 |
|
ɬ ɬ |
|
8 |
Ɍɨɦɚɬ |
268 |
400 |
103 |
16 |
144 |
150 |
|
ɬ ɬ |
|
9 |
Ɇɨɪɤɨɜɶ |
275 |
300 |
95 |
30 |
150 |
120 |
|
ɬ ɬ |
|
10 |
Ɋɟɞɶɤɚ |
281 |
200 |
120 |
62 |
99 |
100 |
ɬ ɤɝ |
||
11 |
Ʉɚɩɭɫɬɚ |
425 |
500 |
150 |
50 |
225 |
150 |
|
ɬ ɬ |
|
Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɜɨɳɚɯ
ʋ |
Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ |
|
ɜ ɫɵɪɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ |
|
ɜ ɫɭɯɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ |
|
||||||
|
Ɋɟɞɢɫ |
N |
|
P |
K |
NPK |
N |
|
P |
K |
|
NPK |
1 |
16,6 |
|
6,0 |
17,0 |
39,6 |
236,0 |
|
90,0 |
240,0 |
|
566,0 |
|
|
Ɉɝɭɪɰɵ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
113,0 |
||
2 |
1,7 |
|
1,3 |
2,6 |
5,6 |
34,0 |
|
27,0 |
52,0 |
|
||
3 |
ɋɚɥɚɬ |
3,3 |
|
1,3 |
7,7 |
12,3 |
70,0 |
|
25,0 |
150,0 |
|
245,0 |
|
||||||||||||
4 |
ɋɩɚɪɠɚ |
8,0 |
|
2,0 |
6,6 |
16,6 |
128,0 |
|
33,3 |
108,0 |
|
270,0 |
5 |
ɒɩɢɧɚɬ |
6,0 |
|
3,0 |
8,6 |
17,6 |
60,0 |
|
30,0 |
86,0 |
|
176,0 |
|
||||||||||||
6 |
Ɏɚɫɨɥɶ |
9,0 |
|
2,2 |
6,9 |
18,1 |
90,0 |
|
22,0 |
69,0 |
|
181,0 |
7 |
Ʌɭɤ |
3,0 |
|
1,2 |
4,0 |
8,2 |
22,5 |
|
9,0 |
30,0 |
|
61,5 |
|
||||||||||||
8 |
Ɍɨɦɚɬ |
1,7 |
|
0,3 |
2,4 |
4,4 |
22,6 |
|
3,5 |
32,0 |
|
58,0 |
9 |
Ɇɨɪɤɨɜɶ |
2,6 |
|
0,8 |
4,1 |
7,5 |
19,7 |
|
6,2 |
37,2 |
|
56,0 |
10 |
Ɋɟɞɶɤɚ |
6,0 |
|
3,1 |
4,9 |
14,0 |
46,0 |
|
24,0 |
38,0 |
|
108,0 |
11 |
Ʉɚɩɭɫɬɚ |
2,2 |
|
0,8 |
2,5 |
5,5 |
22,0 |
|
8,0 |
25,0 |
|
55,0 |
|
|
|
||||||||||
Ɉɩɵɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɬɨ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɠɚɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɟɦ©ɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɬªɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɵ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ ɤ
ϯϰ
ɫɚɦɢɦ ɤɨɪɧɹɦ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ
Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɥɟɣ
ʋ |
Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ |
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ |
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ |
|
|
|
ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ |
1 |
Ɇɨɪɤɨɜɶ |
0,017 |
- |
2 |
Ʌɭɤ |
0,025 |
0,05 |
3 |
Ɉɝɭɪɰɵ |
0,034 |
0,05 |
4 |
Ʉɚɩɭɫɬɚ |
0,05 |
0,085 |
5 |
Ɍɨɦɚɬɵ |
0,05 |
0,125 |
6 |
ɋɜɟɤɥɚ |
0,1 |
0,250 |
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɱɬɨ
-Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɤɢɫɥɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
-ɇɟ ɞɚɫɬ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
-Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ± ɚɡɨɬɚ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɜ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɨɪ ɦɟɞɶ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɟɰ ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧ ɰɢɧɤ ɢ ɞɪ
2.6. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ
Ɉɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɝɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɜ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɞɧɨ- ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ
-ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɚɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɹɞɢɣ ɫɦ
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɹɞɭ ɫɦ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ S ɫɦ2);
-ɉɪɢ ɞɜɭɯɪɹɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɪɹɞɶɹ ɫɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɧɬɚɦɢ
ɫɦ ɜ ɪɹɞɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɦ S ɫɦ2);
- ɉɪɢ ɩɹɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɟɜɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɫɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɥɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɹɞɭ ɫɦ S ɫɦ2).
ϯϱ