- •3. The pg phonology. The consonants.
- •4.Grimm’s Law. (1822 was first published in “Deutch Grammar”)
- •5. Voicing of fricatives in pg (Vern’s l.) 1877
- •6. The West Germanic lengthening of consonants.
- •7.The second consonant-shifting.
- •8. The ablaut in the Indo –European l-ges & Germanic l-ges.
- •9.The vowels.
- •11. Inflectional system of pg.
- •12. Categories of verb in Old Germ.L.
- •13. Strong verbs n Gothic.
- •14. Weak verbs in Old Germ.L.
- •Fourth Weak Conjugation
- •15. Preterite-present verbs
- •16. Infinitive, Participle
- •17. Nominals, their categories.
- •18. Categories of noun.
- •20. Strong declension of noun.
- •21. Weak declension of nouns.
- •22. Adjectives: strong and weak declension.
- •23. Pronoun, morphological categories.
- •Demonstrative
- •24. The vocabulary of pg
- •25. The ie legacy, isogloss.
- •26. Common Germ. Stock.
- •27. Borrowings, substratum, superstatum.
- •28. Simple and composite sentences.
- •29. Comparative method.
- •30. The Indo-Europeans.
- •Proto-indo-european
- •Western branch
- •Eastern branch
- •31. Tree of ie lang. Proto-indo-european
- •Western branch
- •Eastern branch
- •32. The home of Indo-Europeans.
- •33. Kentum and Satem lang-es.
- •34. Pg: concept, division.
- •35. Old North Germ. Lang-es.
- •36. Old West Germ. Lang-es.
- •37. The West Germ. Tree-diagram of lang-es.
- •38. The East-Germ. Tree of lang-es.
- •39. North Germ. Lang-es.
- •40. Old Germ. Alphabet, written records.
- •41. The Runic alphabet, its origin.
- •42. Oe, its literary monuments.
- •43. Old Icelandic, literary monuments. Old Icelandic is usually called Old Norse. Old Norse
- •44. Old Saxon, its written records.
- •45. Pliny’s classification of the Germanic tribes.
- •46. Main sources of information about the Germ. Tribes. The Germ. Tribes in the ad 1.
- •47. The age of migrations: the Visigoths.
- •48. The Ostrogoths.
- •49. Division of Frankish Empire and its linguistic consequences
- •51. Gods, days of week, months.
- •52. The Epoque of Vikings
- •53. Old Frisian ethnic community.
- •54. Oe Heptarchy. Wessex.
- •55. Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians.
- •56. Paganism vs Christianity in og ethnic communities.
- •58. Material, spiritual culture.
23. Pronoun, morphological categories.
Categories. Number: singular, plural, dual.
Cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative.
Gender: masculine, feminine, neuter.
PG pronouns fell roughly under the same main classes as modern pronoun:
Personal(особові)
Demonstrative(вказівні)
Reflexive(зворотні)
Interrogative(питальні)
Possessive(присвійні)
Indefinite(неозначені)
Personal pronouns
PG personal pronouns had 3 persons, 3 numbers in the first and second persons and 3 genders in the third person.
First person
Sing. Dual Plural
Nom ik wit weisa
Gen meina *ugkara unsara
Dat mis ugkis uns, unsis
Acc mik ugkis uns, unsis
Reflexive pronouns
The reflexive pronoun originally referred to the chief person of the sentence irrespectively as to whether the subject was the first, second or third person singular and plural.
Gen seina(себе)
Dat sis(собі)
Acc sik(себе)
Demonstrative
The simple demonstrative sa, þata, sō was used both as demonstrative pronoun this, that, and as definite article, the.
|
SINGULAR |
PLURAL | ||||
|
Masculine |
Neuter |
Feminine |
Masculine |
Neuter |
Feminine |
|
Nom. sa |
þata |
sō |
þái |
Þō |
Þōs |
|
Acc. Þana |
þata |
þō |
þans |
Þō |
Þōs |
|
Gen. þis |
þis |
þizōs |
þizē |
Þizē |
þizō |
|
Dat. þamma |
þamma |
þamma |
þáim |
Þáim |
þáim |
24. The vocabulary of pg
The sources of information about the oldest vocabulary of Germ. Lang-es were: runic inscriptions, toponymy, texts of literary monuments and modern vocabulary of Germ. Languages, which are examined with the help of the comparative-historical method.
The vocabulary can be divided into 3 layers:
Common IE words
Common Germanic words
Words of separate Germ. Lang-es
Common IE vocabulary includes terms of relationship, numerals and names of some plants and animals. The vocabulary of unknown origin forms 30% of the vocabulary of PG. the oldest borrowings were from Celtic and Latin. We also distinguish prattle words borrowed from childish lang., so called traveling words borrowed from unknown lang. and attested in many Germ. lang-es, folk words used in everyday speech and having special semantic meanings.
According to lexical meanings of the words (semantic field) we distinguish a) natural phenomena; b) industrial terms; c) cultural terms, etc.
According to stylistics we distinguish neutral, common used and stylistically coloured (poetic, official, bookish and professional vocabulary) vocabulary. Common used words are the names of things which surround us. They are used in everyday speech and are stylistically neutral: OHG ackar (поле), leban (жити), OE bringan (приносити), wind (вітер). Poetic terms were used in PG epos and included metaphors, epithets, similes and synonims: hilde-leoma (світоч бою – меч). In “Beowulf” there were used 37 nouns which denote the worrier.
Bookish lang. appeared in Late CG and is connected with the development of science and culture. A lot of such words were borrowed from Latin and Greek: L credo> OE creda; L regula> OE regol.