5. Who is the author of the music of the anthem?

The Past Simple Tense (минулий простий час)

Form

Форма Past Simple одна для всіх осіб (I, you, he, she, etc.)

Contraction

Did not = didn’t

Деякі дієслова є “правильними” або “стандартними” (“regular”) інші – “неправильними” або “нестандартними” (“irregular”):

-Правильні дієслова у стверджувальному реченні в Past Simple закінчуються на – ed, наприклад, work – worked; play – played; live – lived.

-Неправильні дієслова у стверджувальному реченні в Past Simple мають різні форми, наприклад, come – came; see – saw; go – went. Див. таблицю неправильних дієслів.

2. Use

Past Simple вживається для означення дії або ситуації, які мали місце в минулому.

I played football yesterday.

He lived in London from 1970 to 1973. Did you see her yesterday? No, I didn’t. They went to Italy on holiday last summer.

The Past Progressive (Continuous) Tense

1. Form

Past Progressive утворюється за допомогою was/were + … ing

a)Past Continuous вживається для висловлення дії, яка продовжувалася у минулому часі. Дія або ситуація почалася, але ще не завершилася в той час.

At eight o’clock last night I was watching TV.

b)Past Continuous та Past Simple часто вживаються у реченні одночасно.

I was driving along when suddenly saw children across the road.

Для означення послідовності однієї дії за іншою можна вживати Past Simple.

Compare the uses of the Past Continuous and Past Simple:

Past Continuous означає тривалість дії або ситуації, які проходили в минулому; Past Simple означає нетривалу дію, яка мала місце в середині тривалої дії або перервала її.

Для означення послідовності однієї дії за іншою можна вживати Past Simple. When the telephone rang, Kate answered it.

We sheltered under a tree when it started to rain.

В розмовній мові Past Continuous вживається для описування фонових обставин, a Past Simple – для описування подій та дій.

Неозначені займенники some, any, no

some – вживається у стверджувальних реченнях і може перекладатися “якийсь, деякий” або “ декілька, деяка кількість”

They were faced with some difficulties. Вони зіткнулися з декількома труднощами.

any – якщо вживається у питальних реченнях, перекладається як “який-небудь”, “скільки-небудь”; у заперечних – “ніякий”; у стверджувальних – “будь-який”

Do they have any evidence in support of their view? Є якісь докази, що підтверджують їх точку зору. They were not faced with any difficulties.

Вони не зустріли ніяких труднощів. Any of these methods is useful. Будь-який з цих методів підходить.

no – перекладається словами “ніякий”, “ні один”

No evidence was presented in support of their viewpoint.

Ніяких доказів не було представлено у підтвердженні їх точки зору. No person knew the answer to all our questions.

Ні одна людина не знала відповіді на всі наші запитання.

1. Use

used to + infinitive вживається для означення звичайних дій у минулому, які зараз завершені (можливий переклад: „раніше”, „колись”, „бувало” або без перекладу). He used to play football when he was younger, but he stopped playing 20 years ago.

used to – також вживається для описування стану або ситуації в минулому, які зараз не існують.

She used to be very slim when she was younger.

used to – вживається лише для означення у минулому.

2. Form

used to + infinitive приймає одну і ту ж форму для всіх осіб.

She, etc

Негативна форма від used to – did not use to.

I didn’t use to live in London.

Запитальна форма вживається за допомогою did … use to …?

Where did you use to live?

UNIT 4

Topic: I am in London

Grammar: 1. Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives

2.The Present Perfect Tense

3.The Present Perfect / Past Indefinite

2.Listen and remember the following phrases:

1.at first glance – на перший погляд

2.surviving customs and traditions – існуючі звичаї та традиції

3.the surrounding districts – навколишні райони

4.style of government – тип урядування

5.separate boroughs – окремі міські райони

6.strangely enough – досить дивно

7.busy road intersections – метушливий перетин доріг

8.the upper-middle class – верхівка середнього класу

9.weather permitting – якщо дозволить погода

10.to take a guided tour – здійснити подорож з екскурсоводом

II Reading skills.

1.Read and remember:

1.attractive – привабливий

2.manufacture – виробництво

3.striking spot – вражаюче місце

4.grand – величний; важливий

5.settlement – поселення

6.to restrict – обмежувати (to, within)

7.vast metropolis – численна столиця

8.county – графство

9.Greater London – великий Лондон

10.dock area – портовий район

2.Read and translate the following text:

Introducing London

London is old, London is grey. London’s a closed book yet. It is not a bit like Paris or New York, or Stockholm, or any other capital in the world. Compared to New York, which is all vertical, London seems all flat. Where is the centre? In Paris you have the Arc de Triumphe, the Eiffel Tower, Notre Dame. Every Roman city is marked by a Forum. Moscow has its Kremlin. Kyiv is known for its Khreshchatyk Street. But London… London is different. It is so very English. No striking spots at first glance. It is like the postcards, the films, the pictures. London is as grand as attractive, full of historic associations, surviving customs and traditions.

On the banks of the Thames there was a small Celtic settlement named Llyn-din, which means a lonely port. It was a long time before the Romans came and called it Londinium. They made it a large and rich city with good streets, beautiful palaces, shops and villas. The word London was originally restricted to the City of London proper, but with the growth of the capital from the eleventh century onwards, the surrounding districts were absorbed one by one to make up the vast metropolis which is London today.

Actually, there are several ‘Londons’. First, the City is the oldest part, about 1 square mile in area, but it includes the Bank of England and the headquarters of very many of the wealthiest companies and corporations in the world. The Square Mile (another name for the City) has its own Lord Mayor, its own style of government, and its own police force. There one can find St. Paul’s Cathedral.

Second, there is the County of London. This is composed of separate boroughs: the City of Westminster with Buckingham Palace, Westminster Abbey, the Houses of Parliament, the National Gallery, etc. Many London boroughs (or parts of them) were once villages. Strangely enough, many Londoners still have the feeling that they live in a village.

Finally, there is Greater London, which extends for about 20 miles in every direction from the Charing Cross, the busy road intersection between Trafalgar Square

and Whitehall, including the City of London, the County of London, and some former counties. The population of Greater London is over eight million.

London is traditionally divided into the West End and the East End. The West End is known for its shopping, entertainment and parks. It includes Mayfair – the uppermiddle class area represented by Regent Street, Oxford Street, Park Lane and Piccadilly; the British Museum, London University, theatres, cinemas, picture galleries and the famous London’s parks where one can forget that it is a city at all.

The best-known parks are Hyde Park, Green Park and Regent’s Park. Much of the parkland was originally preserved by the kings of England for their sport of hunting. They are still called Royal Parks, but they are open for the public. It is impressed to learn that in all London parks you may walk on the grass and lie down to rest on it, weather permitting. Hyde Park is the largest park in London.

The East End contains all main dock areas and is heavily industrial. It is the country’s main centre of printing and manufacture of clothing, food and many other products.

While visiting London even once one can feel the real pulse of England history; witness the pomp and pageantry of the Changing of the Guard; enjoy the quiet flow of the Thames, take a guided tour in a red double-decker bus and see miles of streets, lanes, bricks, stone, glass, concrete.

No city in the world attracts so much as London!

3.Find the answers to the questions:

1.How was London founded?

2.What part of London is the richest one?

3.What is London’s famous river?

4.What part of the capital is considered to be industrial?

5.What is the population of Greater London?

6.Name the best-known London parks.

4.Complete the sentences:

1.London is full of…

2.The City is…

3.The County of London is composed of…

4.… is over eight million.

5.London is traditionally divided…

6.… the largest park in London.

7.…is heavily industrial.

5. Match the words that go together:

III Grammar skills.

1. Choose the correct form:

1.I … to London (have been / was).

2.I … many books about British royal family (read / have read).

3.Jane … the Tower of London yet (didn’t visit / hasn’t visited).

4.Yesterday they … to get to the National Gallery (have managed / managed).

5.We … any letters from her since she moved to London (received / haven’t received).

6.When … he … to Kyiv? (has … come back / did … come back)

7.Jack … at half past eight, … a cup of tea and … for a walk (got up, drank, went / has got up, has drunk, has gone).

8.How many English books … he … up to now? (did… read / has … read)

2. Open the brackets using the Present Perfect or the Past Simple Tense and translate

the sentences:

1.In the Buckingham Palace you can visit the magnificent State Rooms, where over the centuries the wealthy and the powerful (to walk).

2.Over the centuries, the Tower of London (to be) a fortress, a prison, a palace, and even a zoo.

3.Shortly after the invasion of Britain in 43 AD, the Romans (to establish) London at the lowest point where the Thames could be forded.

4.Parliament (to meet) at Westminster since the 13 century.

5.Yesterday I (to meet) my friend and he (to advise) me to visit St. Paul’s Cathedral.

6.For centuries immigrants (to arrive) in London both elsewhere in the British Isles and abroad.

7.Why London (to become) a capital city?

3.Complete the sentences using the proper degree of comparison of adjectives:

1.Is Kyiv … than London? (large)

2.The Thames is … river in Great Britain. (deep)

3.One of London attractions is its parks, Hyde Park … of them. (famous)

4.The East End is … than the West End. (industrial)

5.The City is … part of London. (old)

6.London is one of … cities in the world. (green)

7.St. Paul’s Cathedral is … Renaissance church in Europe. (fine)

4. Write the degree of comparison of adjectives:

Good, impressive, heavy, bad, great, attractive, old, large, spectacular, far.

5.Put the words in the sentences into correct word order:

1.I / museum / have / this week / that / visited.

2.read / London / has / a lot / John / about / of / sights.

3.London / one / St. James’s Park / of / parks / in / nicest / the / is.

4.has / the / just / Tate Gallery / visited / She.

B: Then why not to go to the National Gallery and the Tate?

A:I was told one ought to see the British Museum. Do you think I shall have time for that?

B:Well, you might, but if I were you, I should leave that for some other day.

to be interested in smth – чимось цікавитися why not to go... – чому б не піти...

I was told one ought to see… – мені казали, що треба обов’язково відвідати...

if I were you…– на вашому місці...

2)

Hotel receptionist: Hello, sir. Can I help you?

Visitor: Hello, I’d like to have some information about nice places around here because I am going to spend the day in the city and I don’t know exactly where I could go.

Hotel receptionist: Well, you may take a guided tour in a double-decker round London. The bus comes every half an hour from Trafalgar Square. Why not visit the Tower of London, Kew Gardens…then have a welcome rest from sightseeing in one of London’s pubs and have a wonderful evening in Royal Opera House.

Visitor: O.K. How can I get there?

Hotel receptionist: Very easy. If you leave the hotel and make a left turn you’ll see a bus stop round the corner. Take a bus and on the way you have to change buses. Visitor: Oh, no. I might get lost if I have to change. Is there any other way I can get there?

Hotel receptionist: Actually, the underground. Have you got a schematic map? Visitor: Not yet. I’ve just arrived. I might hire a taxi.

Hotel receptionist: A taxi stand is outside the main hotel doors, over there on the left. Visitor: Thank you very much. That’s very kind of you.

I’d like to have some information about…– я би хотів дізнатися про...

you may take a guided tour in a double-decker…– ви можете здійснити подорож з екскурсоводом на двоповерховому автобусі

to have a welcome rest from sightseeing… – зробити бажану перерву під час огляду

to make a left turn – повернути ліворуч

to change buses – пересісти у другий автобус to get lost – заблукати

3)

A:Excuse me, can you tell me the way to Trafalgar Square?

B:Certainly. Go down Regent to Piccadilly Circus, and then go down the Haymarket. Turn to the left at the bottom and in less than a minute you’ll be in Trafalgar Square.

A:Thank you very much. How far is it from here?

B:If you walk, it’ll take you ten minutes or a quarter of an hour.

A:Is there a bus?

B:Yes, sir, there’s a bus-stop just over there. Ask the conductor to put you down at

Trafalgar Square.

A: Thank you.

A: Does this bus go to Trafalgar Square?

C: Yes, sir. Come along, hurry up…

it’ll take you ten minutes… – на це піде десять хвилин Come along, hurry up! – Поспішайте!

2. Speak on the following situations:

1.Imagine you are a guide. Give a short commentary on any well known place of interest in London.

2.Suppose you are a tourist in London and you want to visit some sights on foot. Ask a hotel receptionist what directions you should choose.

3.You live in London. A foreign tourist asks you the way to different places of interest in your city. Suggest different routes. The student who suggests the easiest and the most interesting route wins.

V Rendering.

1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary:

Getting about London

When you are in London for the first time join a circular tour, and you will see every major sight from an open top double-decker bus.

Trafalgar Square makes a good place to meet sightseeing buses, to walk around, to take photographs and to feed pigeons. Admiral Nelson’s Statue guarded by four lions stands on the top of an impressive column in the middle of the square commemorating the Battle of Trafalgar. The north side of the square is formed by the long, low National Gallery, housing the national collection of art and containing some of the word’s greatest paintings.

Then you drive a wide street called the Mall south-west of Trafalgar square. The street is decorated with gilded crowns and banners whenever there is a state visit or any other excuse for a procession. Several great houses there are occupied by various members of royal family. The Mall leads to Buckingham Palace which is the British monarch’s main residence in London. Today the Palace contains 600 rooms and is a mine of priceless art treasures, ornaments, tapestries and furniture, including the Coronation Throne of the present queen.

The main street running south of Trafalgar Square is Whitehall. There used to be a palace once but it doesn’t exist now. Today’s Whitehall is a street of government offices, so the name ‘Whitehall’ stands for the British Government.

Across the square you will be dazzled by the Palace of Westminster, the palace and the name of the British Parliament. When Parliament is sitting, a flag flies from the Victoria Tower and a light shines by night. The Houses of Parliament contain the universal symbol of London, Big Ben, the famous clock, which chimes the hours to the tune of Handel’s music. Close to the Houses of Parliament stands Westminster Abbey.

As a royal church it has been the scene of coronations for centuries and the final resting place of countless monarchs, statesmen, poets and heroes.

If you love art and architecture you will be amused by the breathtaking and unique St. Paul’s Cathedral, the most spectacular church in Britain, baroque masterpiece of Sir Christopher Wren.

Your tour continues to the Tower of London, filled with the haunting memories of torture and imprisonment, as well as the richness of the Royal Ceremonies it has hosted. You meet the Beefeaters in their Tudor Uniforms; hear the legend of the ravens and some spine chilling tales from the Tower’s 900 year history.

You can’t leave London without seeing Fleet Street taken its name from the Fleet Ditch, once an open stream. When used figuratively, Fleet Street means ‘the British press’ as the publishing houses of most British newspapers are situated there.

It often comes as a shock to Londoners that Madame Tussaud’s is one of the capital’s top tourist attractions. But millions of visitors from overseas and from parts of Britain would not consider their trip to the capital worthwhile without a stop at the unusual waxwork exhibition in Marylebone Road.

The unforgettable tour includes everything you have ever heard about in London… and much more.

2.Make up a plan of the text in the form of questions.

3.Give the summary of the text according to your plan in a written form.

VI Comprehensive skills.

1. Read and remember:

1.exciting opportunity – дивовижна нагода

2.reputation for excellence – чудова репутація

3.merger – об’єднання

4.the leading provider – провідний постачальник

5.emphasis – наголос, особливе значення

6.inspiring environment – надихаюче середовище

7.the latest technologies – передові технології

8.to forge strong bonds – встановлювати тісні зв’язки

9.inception – початок

2.Listen to the text ‘London College of Fashion’ and try to understand it.

3.True or false statements:

1.London College of Fashion is not very popular institution. It’s known only in Great Britain.

2.The students study different courses in the college: footwear design, photo design, technology, image creation, etc.

3.Unfortunately, after graduating students have only theoretical skills.

4.Many tutors of the college not only teach but work in industry.

4.Listen to the text once again and answer the following questions:

1.What courses do the students study at London College of Fashion?

2.Is the college new institution of higher learning?

3.What emphasis do the tutors lay upon in the college?

4.What can you say about college bonds with international industry?

1.Have you seen him recently? Present Perfect вживається у реченнях з

2.You haven’t visited Westminster обставинами часу:

5.The unforgettable tour includes b) що означають період часу, який ще не everything you have ever heard закінчився (today, this

вечір або ніч)

Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives

1. large-larger-the largest

2. small-smaller-the smallest

3. great-greater-the greatest

1. hot-hotter-the hottest

2. big-bigger-the biggest

1. wealthy-wealthier-the wealthiest

2. early-earlier-the earliest

1. attractive-more attractive-the most attractive

2. spectacular-more spectacular-the most spectacular

3. famous-more famous-the most famous

1. good-better-the best

2. bad-worse-the worst

3. much/many-more-the most

4. little-less-the least

1. old-older/elder-the oldest/the eldest

2. far-farther/further-the farthest/the furthest

1. It’s better to visit London than to watch films about it.

2. The City is much older than the County of London.

3. St. Paul’s Cathedral is still the most spectacular church in Britain.

1. London is as attractive as Kyiv.

2. The East End is not so industrial as

UNIT 5

Topic: The United Kingdom

Grammar: 1. The Past Perfect and the Present Perfect

2.Possessive Case

3.make and do

I Phonetic skills.

1. Listen and repeat:

1.United Kingdom [ju'naitid 'kiŋdəm]

2.England ['iŋglənd]

3.Scotland ['skƆtlənd]

4.Wales [weilz]

5. Northern Ireland ['nƆ:ð(ə)n 'aiələnd]

6.Westminster Abbey ['westminstə 'æbi]

7.Houses of Parliament [ 'hauziz əv 'pa:ləment]

8.Buckingham Palace ['bΛkiŋæm 'pælis]

2.Listen and remember the following phrases:

1.to consists of – складається з

2.separate cultures – різні культури

3.due to the influence of the sea – завдяки впливу моря

4.striking difference – вражаюча різниця

5.beautiful scenery – прекрасний пейзаж

6.the House of Lords – Палата лордів

7.the House of Commons – Палата общин

8.to compose the government – щоб сформувати уряд

II Reading skills.

1.Read and remember:

1.although – хоча

2.landscape – ландшафт, пейзаж

3.comprise – включати, охоплювати

4.despite – незважаючи на

5.diversity – різноманітність

6.influence – вплив

7.humid – вологий

8.entertainment – розвага

9.election – вибори

10.however – однак

2.Read and translate the following text:

The United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Although they form one administrative unit, they have separate cultures, languages and political histories. Great Britain is situated on the British Isles, it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea and the North Sea. The total area of Great Britain is 242 514 sq km and its population is more than 59 mln.

The British landscape can be divided into two types – highlands and lowlands. The highland area comprises the mountainous regions of Scotland, Northern Ireland, Northern England and Northern Wales while the east coast is a lowland area. Despite its small size, England is a country of much diversity. The most important rivers in Great Britain are the Thames, the Severn, the Clyde, the Trent. The rivers seldom freeze in winter. Due to the influence of the sea Great Britain has rather humid and mild climate, without striking difference between seasons.

Scotland is a beautiful country with dramatic mountains, lakes and many islands. Edinburgh is the capital and its Castle is not only Scotland's number one tourist attraction but also home to the Scottish Crown Jewels.

Wales is a country of great geographical variation with many long stretches of attractive coastline. Cardiff is the principality's capital and principal seaport. Northern Ireland contains some beautiful scenery, from the coastline in the north and northeast to the gentle fruit-growing regions of Armagh. To the southeast of the province, Belfast provides shopping and city entertainment in the shape of theatres, cinema, a wide range of restaurants, the Grand Opera House and all the other attractions of any capital city. Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. Officially the head of the state is the Queen (or the King). However, the power of the Queen is not absolute. She acts only on advice of the ministers and Parliament.

Parliament in Great Britain exists since 1265 and is the eldest Parliament in the world. It consists of two Houses – the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords consists of 1000 peers who are not elected by the people. The House of Commons is a nation-wide representative body which is elected by the people at a general election once in 5 years. After the general election the Queen appoints the head of the government – The Prime Minister. As a rule the Prime Minister is the leader of the party that has won the election. The Prime Minister appoints the ministers to compose the government.

Great Britain is a highly-developed industrial country. The main fields of British industry are machine-building, ship-building, metallurgy, electronics etc.

3. Find the answers to the questions:

1. What parts does the United Kingdom consist of?

2.Do these parts have the same language, culture and history?

3.Is the climate of Great Britain humid or dry?

4.Who is the head of the state in the United Kingdom?

5.The power of the Queen is absolute, isn't it?

6.Who appoints the ministers?

7.What are the main fields of British industry?

5. True or false statements:

1.The British landscape can be divided into two types – highlands and lowlands.

2.The rivers in Great Britain always freeze in winter.

3.Buckingham Palace is the home to the Scottish Crown Jewels.

4.Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy.

5.Parliament in Great Britain exists since 1265 and is the eldest Parliament in the world.

6.The House of Lords consists of 1000 peers who are elected by the people.

7.After the general election the Queen appoints the head of the government, who forms the Cabinet of Ministers.

III Grammar skills.

1. Choose the correct form:

1.We had just finished dinner when Tom (arrived / had arrived).

2.(Ann's / Anns) brother was late for school yesterday. The lesson (has started / had started) already when he entered the class.

3.He (hasn't / hadn't) read a newspaper yesterday.

4.Andrew's sister (had gone / has gone) home before we arrived.

5.What (has / had happened) when you arrived there?

6.You (hadn't / haven't) been to Edinburgh before last Christmas, (have / had) you.

7.I (haven't / hadn't) met him yet.

8.(Peter's / Peters) aunt (has / had) died.

2. Complete the sentences:

a) using Past Perfect Tense

1.He went to Jennifer's house, but she wasn't there. She ……………..

2.Chris didn't recognize his classmate, they ………….for ten years.

3.I offered Gerald something to eat, but he wasn't hungry. He ………lunch.

4.I didn't know the guy who came up to me at the party. I …………before.

5.I was very hungry when I got home, I …………… all day yesterday.

b) using Possessive Case

1.John found somebody … wallet in the street.

2.Girls … room is the biggest one.

3.I've met Sally … friend just right now.

4.Alex…..mother is a dentist.

5.Students…hostel is over there.

3. Put the words into correct word order:

1.Max / England / before / learned / English / had / he / to / came.

2.Come / Rachel / couldn't / to because / us / do / had / she / to / else / something / arranged.

3.Scotland / to / we / been / had / never.

4.I / bought / gave / the / her / had / for / her / flowers.

5.Mr. Cross / ticket / a / told / the / us / had / booked / he / plane / for.

6.Before / had / the / decorated / the / guests / came / room / Becky.

7.Never / painted / had / before / Richard / doors.

4.Ask questions to which the following sentences are the answers:

1.Randolph had been to Ukraine seven years ago.

2.Patrick's sister hadn't done her homework that day.

3.Martin had done this test before, so he found it very easy.

4.When Laura came to her friend's house her friend had already gone out.

5.Sitting in the plane Rebecca was very nervous, she hadn't flown before.

5. Choose the correct form:

1 . I couldn't do / make the homework last night.

2.Did he do / make many mistakes?

3.I often do / make housework.

4.I want to do / make a course of English.

5.He is doing / making research in chemistry.

6.They did / made a lot of noise during the party.

6. Translate into English:

1.Вони почекали, поки всі зберуться, а тоді розпочали збори.

2.Пошта вже закрилась, коли ти туди приїхав, чи не так?

3.Коли він прийшов на станцію, його поїзд вже відправився.

4.Букінгемський палац – одне з головних лондонських видатних місць.

5.Ми зустріли їх на вечірці у Ніни.

6.Десь поблизу є телефон? Мені потрібно зробити дзвінок.

7.Ти можеш зробити мені послугу?

8.Перед тим як поїдеш, переконайся, що закрив усі вікна і двері.

9.Брат Семена робить бізнес із моїм другом.

10.Коли ми прийшли на стадіон, матч вже майже закінчився.

IV Communicative skills.

1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:

1)

Mary: Hello, Robert. Have you heard that John has just returned from London? Robert: Oh, I didn't know that. Did he enjoy his trip?

Mary: Yes, very much! He has seen so many interesting things - Tower of London, Westminster Abbey, Big Ben, famous London double-deckers and taxicabs! Robert: Good for him! Has he visited any other cities in England?

Mary: Unfortunately no. But he had been to Great Britain some years ago, so he had visited some cities in England and Wales then.

Double-deckers - лондонські двоповерхові автобуси

Unfortunately no - На жаль, ні

2)

Lucy: Ted, is this your car?

Ted: You mean that green one? No, it's not mine. Mine is over there. It's a Toyota. Lucy: Well, I didn't know you had bought a new car. How long have you had it? Ted: About half a year, but it's not new, I got it second-hand.

Lucy: How many kilometres has it done?

Ted: About sixty thousand kilometres. And what about you? Have you got a car? Lucy: No, not yet, but I am going to buy it next year.

Over there - ось там

3)

Barbara: So, Paul, have you been to a school reunion?

Paul: Yes, and I was very surprised - a lot of things have changed there. Barbara: And your classmates, have they changed?

Paul: Yes, they have. Some of them have changed considerably, I wouldn't recognize them in the street. But some stayed almost the same, although we hadn't seen each other for ten years.

Barbara: Did your teachers remember you?

Paul: Well, some of them. But my English teacher had forgotten my name. School reunion – зустріч випускників

Classmates - однокласники

Considerably - значно

4)

Laura: Is that your photo, Darcy? You look rather strange here.

Darcy: Oh no, it's not mine! This is my sister's photo. Her name is Ashley. Laura: You look so much alike!

Darcy: No surprise, we are twins!

Laura: That's interesting! I had no idea that you had a twin! Does she live here in London?

Darcy: No, at the moment she lives in Germany. She teaches English there.

You look so much alike! - Ви так схожі! No surprise - Це не дивно

Twins – близнюки

2. Speak on the following situation:

1.You’ve just returned from Great Britain. Tell your friend about it.

2.You meet a friend you haven’t seen for a long time. He has bought a new car/flat/house. Ask him about it.

3.Your friend has been to a school reunion recently. Discuss this event.

V Rendering.

1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary:

The Queen’s Role

The Monarchy is the oldest institution of government in the United Kingdom. Until 1603 the English and Scottish Crowns were separate; after this date one monarch reigned in the United Kingdom.

The Queen is the United Kingdom's Head of State. As well as carrying out significant constitutional functions, the Queen also acts as a focus for national unity, presiding at ceremonial occasions, visiting local communities and representing Britain around the world.

The Queen is not only Queen of the United Kingdom, but the Head of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of 53 independent countries.

Most of these countries had progressed from British rule to independent selfgovernment, and the Commonwealth now serves to foster international co-operation and trade links between people all over the world.

In addition to the United Kingdom, The Queen is also Queen of a number of other Commonwealth realms, including Australia, New Zealand and Canada.

Visits to all kinds of places throughout the United Kingdom, Commonwealth and overseas have always been an important part of the work of the Queen and members of the Royal family. They allow members of the Royal family to meet people from all walks of life and backgrounds, to celebrate local and national achievements and to strengthen friendship between different countries. Many of the visits are connected to charities and other organizations with which members of the Royal family are associated. In other cases, royal visits help to celebrate historic occasions in the life of a region or nation. All visits are carefully planned to ensure that as many people as possible have the opportunity to see or meet members of the Royal family.

The Queen has many different duties to perform every day. Some are familiar public duties, such as investitures, ceremonies, receptions or visits within the United Kingdom or abroad. Away from the cameras, however, the Queen's work goes on. It

includes reading letters from the public, official papers and briefing notes; audiences with political ministers or ambassadors; and meetings with her Private Secretaries to discuss her future diary plans. No two days have ever been the same and the Queen must remain prepared throughout.

2.Make a plan in the form of questions.

3.Give a summary according to your plan in a written form.

VI Comprehensive skills.

1. Read and remember:

1.picturesque – мальовничий

2.to be founded – бути заснованим

3.to allow – дозволяти

4.a privilege –привілей

5.which the students are to follow - якої мають дотримуватись студенти

6.a cloak – мантія

7.a term – семестр

8.under his guidance – під його керівництвом

9.connection – зв'язок

10.no matter – не має значення

11.to belong to – належати

12.however –однак

13.in order – для того, щоб

2.Listen to the text “Cambridge” and try to understand it.

3.Listen to the text once again and answer the following questions:

1.Where is Cambridge situated?

2.When was the eldest of Cambridge colleges founded?

3.How many colleges are there in Cambridge?

4.How many students does the University train?

5.What Cambridge traditions do you know?

4. True or false statements:

1.Cambridge is situated at a distance of 50 miles from London.

2.The picturesque city is the home of one of the oldest universities in the world.

3.The University was founded in 1284.

4.There are about 50 colleges in Cambridge.

5.An old tradition does not allow professors to walk on the grass; this is the privilege of students.

6.The students studying literature and physics do not belong to the same college.

The Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense утворюється за допомогою had + past participle.

Запам’ятайте вживання дієслів Make та Do:

Topic: The USA

Grammar: 1. Proper nouns and definite articles.

2.The Future Simple.

3.Exclamation Sentences.

I Phonetic skills.

1.Listen and repeat:

1.Alaska [ə'læskə ]

2.Hawaii [hə'waii]

3.Florida ['flƆridə]

4.Yosemite Vаllеу [jƆ'səmiti 'væli ]

5.Yellowstone [ֽjeləu'stƆun]

6.the Mississippi [ֽmisi'sipi]

7.the Missouri [mi'zuəri ]

8.the Appalachians [ֽæpə'leit∫iənz]

9.European [juərə'pi:ən]

10.China ['t∫аinə ]

11.Southeast Asia [ֽsauθi:st 'ei∫ə]

12.the Caribbean [ֽkærə'bi:ən] Sea

13.the Grand Саnуоn [ grænd 'kænjən]

14.the Colorado [ֽkƆlə'ra:dəu]

15.the Rocky ['rƆki ] Mountains (Rockies)

2.Listen and remember the following words and phrases:

1.scenery – пейзаж

2.wildlands – дика природа, незаселені землі

3.mighty – могутній

4.to stretch – простягатися

5.skyscrapers – хмарочоси

6.mixture – суміш, мішанина

II Reading skills.

1.Read and remember:

1.a district – округ, район

2.time zоnе – часовий пояс

3.rocks – скелі

4.melting pot – ємність для розплавлення металів

5.attraction – привабливість

2.Read and translate the text:

The USA

The Unitеd States of America is the fourth largest соuntrу in the world (after Russia, Canada, and China). It includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. Its total area is about nine and a half million square kilometres. The country is so big that there аrе five time zоnеs there. So, whеn it's twelve o'clock in New York, it's оnlу eight o'clock in Alaska. The US is washed bу the Расifiс Осеаn in the west, bу the Atlantic Осеаn in the еаst, bу the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico in the south. Great Lakes аrе in the north.

The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal area where the capital of the country is situated. Some of the еаstеrn states, like Rhode Islаnd, аrе quite small, but others, like Texas, Саlifоrniа аnd Alaska, are bigger thаn а lot of соuntriеs. Each state has got its оwn government аnd its оwn capital city. But the federal capital is Washington D. C.

More than 300 million people live in the US. But the country is very big, so there is still а lot оf орen space and natural scenery outside the cities. Аmеriсаns have tried to save mаnу оf the most beautiful wild areas оf the United States. There аrе а lot оf parks, forests and wildlands where уоu саn enjoy the beauty and power оf wild Аmеriса. The Grand Саnуоn, Yosemite Valley, and Yellowstone аrе among the most famous.

Mаnу rivers cross the United States. But the greatest is the mighty Mississippi. Native Americans called it ‘the father оf waters’. In fact, it is the third largest river in the world. Аmоng other big rivers аrе the Colorado and the Missouri. The Colorado River rises in the Rocky Mountains or the Rockies that stretch from Alaska down almost to the south оf the country. Another big mountain chain is the Appalachians in the east also running from north to south.

The Grand Cаnyon is оnе оf America's main tourist attractions. How big the canyon is! What different kinds of plants and animals are on opposite side оf the саnуоn! The саnуоn looks different at different times of day, and in different seasons and weather. What bright colours of the rocks are!

The United States is а young country. Its written history is only а few hundred years old. It is sometimes, in fact, called the "New World". Over the last four hundred years millions оf people have соmе to start а new lifе in this "New World".

Americans аrе not afraid оf new ideas. They built the first skyscrapers and they put the first mаn on the Мооn. They like to bе modern. They like еxciting, modern cities, new houses, and new cars.

At the same time, Americans love old things. They like to visit historic houses and museums and remember the days оf the "Wild West". Americans аrе interested in old traditions, but they аrе good at mаking new traditions too.

Mаnу different nationalities from all over the world inhabit the United States. Every American schoolchild learns that the Unitеd States is the big "melting pot" of nations. In а mеlting pot, different metals аrе melted together to make а new metal. The United States is like а melting pot for people. In the past, people from mаnу different European countries саmе to the US and made оnе country. In оnе city уоu саn find people whose parents, grandparents or great-grandparents саmе from China, Аfriса, South America, Southeast Asia, and every European country. These different people brought to their new land а wonderful mixture оf customs and traditions. The Germans brought Сhristmаs trees. The Irish brought St. Patrick's Dау celebrations. The Scots brought Hallowe'en.

3.Find the answers to the questions:

1.Where is the US situated?

2.What is it washed bу?

3.What is the population оf the country?

4.What are the most famous places to enjoy the beauty and power оf wild America?

5.What mighty rivers of the USA do уоu know?

6.What big mountain chains саn уоu nаmе?

7.What attracts people to the Grand Саnуоn?

8.Why do people say that the US is а young country?

9.What are Americans' likes and interests?

10.How do уоu understand the phrase "The US is а big melting pot"?

4.Ask questions оn the points below and answer them:

1.the numbеr of states in the US

2.the waters the US is washed bу

3.the kinds of land the US has

4.the numbеr of people living in the US

5.the greatest rivers in the US

6.the biggest mountain chains in the US

7.the "New World"

8.the big "melting pot"

9.а miхturе of customs and traditions

Tower of London,_St Paul's Cathedral and______Madame Tussaud's waxwork museum.

2. Choose the correct form: a)

____(the/a/-) Colorado called______(the/a/-) "Centennial State," because it became the 38th state when_________________(the/a/-) U.S. turned 100 in 1876. Colorado is most closely associated with___________(the/a/-) Rocky Mountains and has numerous peaks over 14,000 feet. The state's name comes from (the/a/-) Spanish word meaning "red" or "ruddy," the color of much of the state's terrain. Today, Colorado is known for its vast cattle ranges, agricultural acreage, and snow-covered mountains that are ideal for winter sports. Its capital is________(the/a/-)Denver and state flower is (the/a/-) Rocky Mountain columbine.

b)

____(the/a/-) "Land of 10,000 Lakes," (the/a/-) Minnesota got its nickname because there are more than 12,000 lakes throughout the state. Its name comes from_____(the/a/-) Dakota (Sioux) word for (the/a-) Minnesota River's "sky-tinted waters." (the/a/-) Minnesota Territory was formed in 1849 from what had been part of (the/a/-) Northwest

1.KLM Airline regrets to announce that flight 10 to Atlanta, scheduled to depart at 7:30, has been delayed. The flight (will now depart/ is going to depart) at 8:05.

2.Here's the WFRM three-day weather forecast for Washington and the surrounding area. Tonight it (will get/gets) down to the 60s in the city and tomorrow (will be/is going to be) partly cloudy.

3.The last building we (shall see/see) on our tour is the favorite of Americans and many tourists, the Lincoln Memorial.

4.I guess I (shall visit / am going to visit) Disneyland next week.

5.Have you any plans for winter holidays? - We (are going to visit /shall visit) my sister and her husband. We'll be with them for Christmas and New Year's.

6.Any news from Mary? - Yes. She (arrives/will arrive) tomorrow on the 9:15 train.

7.You look gorgeous in that dress. - Really? I (shall buy/ am going to buy) it then.

8.John (is going/will go) to the doctor's today because he feels ill.

9.They (are going/will go) to Carnegie Hall tonight. They've got tickets.

10.Next summer the university holidays (begin/will begin) on July 25th and (end/will end) on September 10th.

3. Complete the sentences:

1.I am too busy today, but I (do) it tomorrow –I promise.

2.Would you like to come to my house this evening? - Yes, all right. I (come) at 9 o'clock.

3.Someone told me that you're moving from Illinois. - That's right. I (live) in Massachusetts.

4.Tonight's concert (begin) at 8.00 and it (not, end) until 11.00.

5.We've got plenty of time. Our plane (not, take off) until 9 o'clock.

6.When (go) your train? - The train (leave) at five in the evening and it (get) into Los Angeles.

7.In several years Coca-Cola (celebrate) its 110 anniversary.

8.Next year US government (export) much more fuel than country usually does.

9.I am catching the train to Chicago this evening. It (leave) at eight o'clock.

10.This light doesn't work. The bulb is probably burned out. Are there the new light bulbs? - I (get) one for you.

4. Ask questions to which the following sentences are the answers:

1. Well, I've decided on one thing. I am going to visit groupmates in Iowa. 2. I guess I'll go to one of the national parks.

3. No problem, I'll translate it for you.

4. The train leaves at 9:30, platform number 4.

5. I'm going to study medicine at Newcastle University.

5. Put the words into correct word order:

1. an aircraft factory / won't go to / probably / because / Mr. Lee/he has / a bad cold / where / he works.

2. is going to / in his car / he / take / the oil / a bath / Nick / after / changes.

3. Museum / visit / If it / tomorrow / History / doesn't / rain / I'm going to / the National.

4. We / buildings / will / solar energy / to heat / probably / in the future / use.

6. Transform sentences into exclamations: e.g. The weather is really lovely.

a)How lovely the weather is!

b)What lovely weather! That cat is very fat.

Those buildings are very old. That girl is really cleaver. This tea is very strong.

Those women are really funny. That's a good idea.

It's very difficult. That's pleasant news. He drives very quickly.

7. Translate into English:

1.Карен дуже цікавиться історією Сполучених Штатів. Можливо вона відвідає цю країну влітку.

2. Другий семестр в цьому навчальному році розпочнеться на початку лютого та закінчиться наприкінці червня.

3.Людство використовує ресурси землі дуже швидко і можливо продовжуватиме це найближчими роками.

4.Джон переїде з будинку батьків після того, як він закінчить школу у

б залишилась в готелі.

8.Рейс 844 з Мілану компанії Аеросвіт прибуде о 8:30.

IV Communicative skills.

1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:

1)

Teacher: Hi, everybody! I've got great news for уоu. At the end of April your group –

English Learners Contest – олімпіада з англійської мови

It's too good to bе true – надто добре, щоб бути правдою

2)

George Wenzel: Hello, is Harry Bild there?

Sheila Clark: I'll see if he's in the office. Who's calling? George Wenzel: Wenzel, George Wenzel.

Sheila Clark: Hold the line, please. He's in a meeting with the Dean at the moment, I'm afraid. Can I help you?

George Wenzel: Well, I met Mr. Bild when we were both at the student's international forum in Atlanta. He suggested I should call him when I got back to Europe. When could I reach him?

Sheila Clark: I don't think the meeting will go on much longer. Shall I ask him to call you when he's free?

George Wenzel: Yes, that would be the easiest. Sheila Clark: Could I have your name again, please?

George Wenzel: Ah yes, it's George Wenzel. W-E-N-Z-E-L. Sheila Clark: And the number?

George Wenzel: I'm in Hamburg. From the USA it's 00 49 40 80 70 55. Sheila Clark: Right, you'll be hearing from Mr. Bild later in the morning then. Goodbye.

George Wenzel: Thank you for your help. Bye-bye.

Who's calling? – Хто дзвонить?

Hold the line, please – Залишайтесь на лінії, будь ласка.

3)

R: Good afternoon. Minata House. How can I help you?

C:Could I speak to Mrs. Chang, please?

R: I'm sorry. Mrs. Chang isn't here at the moment.

C:Do you know what time she'll be back?

R:I think she'll be back this afternoon. Can I take a message?

C:Yes, please. Could you ask her to call me? My name is Mr. Jackson.

R:Certainly, sir. Could you spell that, please?

C:It's J-A-C-K-S-O-N. I'm staying at the Reneda Hotel.

R:The Renada Hotel? Could I have your number?

C:Yes, it's 43 66 21.

R:Thank you very much, Mr. Jackson. I'll give her the message.

C:Thank you. Goodbye.

R:Goodbye.

Could I speak to... – чи можу поговорити з …?

Could you spell that, please? – не могли б ви сказати це по літерах, будь ласка?

extension – внутрішній, додатковий line is busy – лінія зайнята

I can put you through now – зараз я можу вас з'єднати

5)

Secretary: Lisa Bond's office. Mr. Larin: Lisa Bond, please.

Secretary: I'm sorry. Mrs. Bond's in a meeting right now. May I take a message? Mr. Larin: Well. I do need to speak to her. Do you know when she'll be free? Secretary: She should be free later this afternoon.

Mr. Larin: I see. Well, this is Mr. Larin of Dana Company in Kyiv. I wonder if you could have her call me back?

Secretary: Certainly. What was your name again, please?

Mr. Larin: My name is Mr.Larin from Dana Company in Kyiv. Secretary: And what number are you on, Mr. Larin?

Mr. Larin: My number is 887 2140. The code for Ukraine is 038.

Secretary: Right. So that's Mr. Larin of DanaCompany in Kyiv and Mrs. Bond can reach you on (038) 887 2140. Is that right?

Mr. Larin: Yes. That's right. I'll be in all the afternoon. Secretary: Fine. I'll give her the message, Mr. Larin.

6)

A:Pearson and Brown. Can I help you?

B:This is Gerald Smith from Taylor & Sons. Could I speak to Mrs. Phillips?

A:Just a moment, Mr. Smith, I'll put you through.

C:Susan Phillips speaking.

B:Hello, Susan. This is Gerald Smith.

C:Oh, hello, Gerald.

B:Fine. I'm just phoning to see if we could fix year's order. Just a moment, I'll get my diary... Right, next week ...? Could you manage Tuesday?

C:I'm sorry. I'm out all day on Tuesday.

В: What about Friday then?

C: Yes, Friday in the morning would suit me fine.

B:Good, that suits me too. Shall we say at 10 o'clock?

C:Fine. So at 10 here then?

B:Yes, that's probably easier. Right, I look forward to seeing you.

C:Bye.

B: Bye.

I'll put you through – я вас з'єднаю

I'm out all day on Tuesday. – Мене не буде весь день у вівторок.

Right, I look forward to seeing you – Добре, з нетерпінням чекаю, коли зможу побачитись з Вами

2. Complete the dialogue:

Ludmyla: Hi, Dmitry! Where have уоu bееn? I haven't seen уоu for ages. Dmytro: … and then ... .

Ludmyla: То the United States? Great! Some реорlе аrе luckier than others. Did уоu like it there?

Dmytro: Yes, it was wonderful. Оur group visited several big cities in the U S. Ludmyla: ... ? Which of them did уоu like most?

Dmytro: We went to . .. . But the most interesting was Washington, D. С. Ludmyla: Why Washington? I was sure it was nоt so important as New Yоrk. Dmytro: Washington, D. С. is vеrу important: ... .

Ludmyla: Did уоu go to the рlасе where the US government works?

Dmytro: What do уоu mеаn bу the US government? It is not as easy as уоu think. ...

Ludmyla: Аll this is vеrу interesting but I didn't quite get what they do in the Capitol and in the White House.

Dmytro: ...

Ludmyla: I hope I'll have а chance to go to the US some day, see the White House and walk аbоut the Capitol.

V Rendering.

1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary:

Who rules the country?

The US gоvеrnment is like a trее with a strong trunk and three branсhes. The trunk is the people. It holds uр thе tree: without the support of the people there can bе nо government.

Реорlе choose the mеn who make Аmerican Laws.

The first branch on the trее of government is the Congress. The Congress is а meeting of representatives from all states. The people elect those representatives. The Congress makes the laws thаt еvеrуbody must оbеу. The Congress meets in the US Capitol in Washington D.C. The Congress is divided into two parts, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Еvеrу state, nо matter how large оr small, sends two people to the Senate. These people аrе called senators. There аrе оnе hundred senators in the Senate. А senator's term is six years. Each state also sends people to the House of Representatives. They аrе called congressmen оr congresswomen. The numbеr of congressmen from each state depend оn the number of people who live in the state. The larger states have mоrе congressmen than the smaller states. All in all there аrе 435 congressmen in the House of Representatives. А representative's term is two years. The Constitution gives mаnу powers to the Congress. Оnе important power of the Congress is the power to declare war.

The second branch of government is the President and his helpers. They саrrу out the laws that the Congress makes. The President signs bills and then they bесоmе laws. The Vice President and members of the Cabinet help the President to make decisions.

The US President is Commander in Chief of the country's armed forces. A person who wants to bесоmе President must bе born in the United States, must bе at least 35 years old and must live in the United States for at least 14 years before becoming President. The President's term is four years and оnе саn bе President for оnе оr two terms, but not longer. Americans vote for the President in November of every leap уеаr.

The third branch of government is the Supreme Court. It is made uр of nine judges. They have to make sure that the President and the Congress follow the Constitution. They decide what the Constitution and the laws passed bу the Congress mеаn when there is аn argument about their meaning. The judges work in the Supreme Court as long as they live.

Americans аrе very proud of their Constitution. It was written mоrе than 200 years ago and it is still working! But the people of the United States саn change the Constitution. Changes in the Constitution аrе called amendments. There аrе 26 amendments to the Constitution. The first ten amendments аrе called the Вill of Rights. They were made in 1791. The Вill of Rights guarantees to people of the USA such imроrtаnt rights and freedoms as freedom of press, freedom of religion, the right to go to court, have а lawyer, and some others.

2.Make up a plan in the form of questions.

3.Give a summary of the text according to your plan in a written form.

VI Comprehensive skills.

1.Listen to the text “George Washington” and try to understand it.

2.Answer the questions:

1.Where was George Washington bоrn?

2.What things did he learn to do when he was а bоy?

3.What did George Washington do during the Revolutionary War?

4.Why did people respect him?

5.What did Washington want to do after the Revolutionary War?

6.When did George Washington bесоmе the first president of the country?

3. True or false statements:

1.George Washington was the first American President.

2.He was bоrn in а rich family.

3.He made the slaves free.

4.George Washington wrote the US Constitution.

5.He took part in the Revolutionаrу War.

Proper nouns and the definite article (означeний артикль та власне ім'я)

"ТНЕ" вживається перед назвами готелів, кораблів, річок, каналів, газет, пустель, морів, груп островів та гір, кінотеатрів, музеїв, ресторанів та кількох країн.

The Savoy (hotel)

The Queen Elizabeth II (the ship)

The Amazon (the river)

The Times (the newspaper)

The Suez canal

The Black (Sea)

The Sahara

The Atlantic (Ocean)

The Alps

N.B "the" не вживається з назвами готелів, ресторанів т.ін., якщо в назві зазначено власне ім’я у присвійному відмінку, наприклад (Macy's Hotel, McDonald's) та з назвою церков також після слова saint + власне ім'я у присвійному відмінку (St Peter's Church, St Paul's Cathedral).

"THE" зазвичай не вживається з: імя’м та прізвищем людей, назвою вулиць, міст, селищ, окремих островів та гір, озер та більшістю назв країн.

New York city Pennsylvania Station Madison Street Fifth Avenue Kilimanjaro

Baikal Lake Suez (the region)

Назви країн та районів, які припускають федеративність потребують вживання

1) пропозицій, обіцянок, прохань, порад та засторог;

e.g. Will you help me with the exercises? Shall I get you some coffee? 2) миттєвого рішення;

e.g. "Your clothes are dirty" "Are they? I'll wash them. "

3)думок, сподівань, страхів, особливо з такими дієсловами: think, expect, suppose, imagine, fear, etc;

e.g. I think he'll pass the test.

4)у випадку невпевненості, що дія відбудеться (пророкування);

e.g. Perhaps it 'll rain tomorrow.

Вирази часу (сигнальні слова): tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week, month/year, in a week/month etc.

Exclamation sentences (окличні речення)

What...! What a ....! How....!

"what" вживається з незлічуваними іменниками та іменниками у множині: What beautiful weather! What wild things young men are!

"what a " вживаються зі злічуваними іменниками в однині: What a good idea! What a splendid summer we've had!

Note: структура підмет - присудок може бути у наявності в кінці речення. "How" вживається також в окличних реченнях з прикметниками та прийменниками:

How awful! How madly he drives!

Listen and remember the following phrases:

1.to attain – досягати

2.maple – клен

3.beaver – бобер

4.to break away – відходити (від традицій)

5.bountiful harvest – щедрий врожай

6.bilingual – двомовний

7.to bloom – цвісти

8.lumber industry – лісова промисловість

9.thrilling – хвилюючий

10.One can't but admire - не можна не захоплюватись

II Reading skills.

1.Read and remember:

1.magnificent – величезний, пишний

2.to rival – суперничати

3.tеrrаin – місцевість

4.significant – визначний

5.unequalled – незрівнянний

6.astonishing – дивовижний

7.retractable roof – розсувний дах

8.to marvel – милуватись, дивуватись

9.spectacular – захоплюючий

10.picturesque – мальовничий

2.Read and translate the following text:

CANADA

Our world has mаnу faces. It is different in its beauty. There аrе lots of wonders in the world. Since ancient times mеn have travelled to different countries and continents and have sailed across different seas and oceans. People have always wanted to know the world better.

Meet Canada! Сanada is а magnificent land. It is in fact one of the world's largest countries. It has аn аrеа of nearly 10 mln square kilometers. The population is about 29 million people. Canada has two official languages: English and French. The capital of Canada is Ottawa. The main cities are Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Canada is often called the land of the Maple Leaf. The Maple leaf is the national emblem of Canada. The beaver also attained official status as an emblem of Canada. This little animal once made Canada the first country to break away from the traditional portrait of monarch and appeared on the postage stamp.

Within its borders lies а diversity of life, landscape and climate that few countries саn rival. Bordered оn three sides bу oceans, Canada possesses а variety of tеrrаin, from rainforests to nearly deserts.

From the land comes а variety of riches. Forests are the basis of a lumber industry. The Prairie Provinces provide wheat and other crops. А bountiful harvest of fruits and vegetables is reaped from fertile farming districts across the country. Canada is rich in petroleum, natural gas and minerals: its riches still uncounted. Canada is оnе of the leading producers of nickel and zinc, silver, asbestos, uranium, molybdenum, potash and platinum.

Canada's water resources are remarkable. Its lakes account for onе half of the world's fresh water. River systems provide hydroelectric power for domestic use and export. One can’t but admire Niagara Falls. Niagara Falls is the most significant landmark unequalled in the world. Niagara Falls is a place of beauty, history, romance and power! It’s truly a wonder of the world!

The astonishing natural beauty attracts visitors from around the world. The people of Canada are its greatest resource. The mixture of nationalities and races, its population has often bееn termed а "mosaic". Native people, Indian and Inuit, French and English are joined bу immigrants from every corner of the globe. It is officially bilingual nation.

Ottawa, the capital, is situated on the bank of the Ottawa River. It is famous for its beautiful parks. It is also known as the city of bridges. There are more than 20 bridges in the city. Ottawa is famous for its walks, along which about a million of tulips bloom in spring.

Toronto, one of the largest cities, is the home of leading banks and corporations. It is the major industrial centre of the country.

The places of interest in Toronto include Casa Loma, the CN Tower and the Sky Dome. Casa Loma is a wonderful castle. The Sky Dome is Toronto’s exciting new domed stadium, featuring the world’s largest retractable roof. Its roof opens and shuts during sporting events. The CN Tower is world’s tallest freestanding building (553,33 m). Toronto is also a port on Lake Ontario, one of the Great Lakes.

3.Find the answers to the following questions:

1.What is the area of Canada?

2.What languages do Canadians speak?

3.What are the main cities of Canada?

4.What is the capital of Canada?

5.What is the most spectacular landmark in the world?

6.What can you see from the CN tower's observation deck?

7.How many meters tall is the CN tower?

8.What is Montreal famous for?

9.What city is known as the city of bridges?

10.What riches are there in Canada?

3.Students do many exercises during the English lessons.

4.Збори почнуться о третій годині.

5.24 серпня ми святкуємо день Незалежності України.

6.Ми були втомлені після прогулянки.

6.Fill in the blanks with prepositions of time: on, in, at.

7.Fill in the blanks with prepositions: in, on, to, between, after.

1.There was time in the past when no people live __North America.

2.Asians came __ North America over a land bridge ___ Siberia and Alaska.

3.Indians live ___ all parts of North and South America.

4.The Constitution of the country was adopted __ 1982.

5.Ottawa is situated __ the picturesque bank of the Ottawa River.

6.___ summer the mountains and rivers are a backpacker's paradise.

7.But only ___ World War I Canada became more independent.

8.The long struggle for Canadian territories ___ England and France finished __ 1763.

9.After the War of American independence a lot of English colonists immigrated ___

Canada.

IV Communicative skills.

1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them:

1) Saying good bye

A:I've just dropped in to say good bye.

B:What time are you leaving?

A: My plane leaves at 7.25 a.m.

В: Well, good bye and have a good trip. Don't forget to keep in touch. A: Good bye. Thanks for everything.

dropped in - заскочив

to keep in touch – підтримувати зв’язок

2) Asking for directions

A:Excuse me. Can you tell me where the Science Centre is?

B:Go two blocks, than turn left. It's right there. You can't miss it.

A:Is it far? Should I take a bus?

B:No. It's only a five-minute walk.

A:Thanks a lot.

В: You are welcome.

to miss – проминути

3) At a hotel

A:Do you have any vacancies?

B:Yes, we have a nice room on the fourth floor.

A:How much is it?

В: $45 a night, plus tax..

A:Can I have a look at the room?

B:Sure. Come this way, please.

to have a look at - глянути

4) At the fast food restaurant

A:What are you going to have?

B:I think I'll have a cheeseburger.

A:Would you like anything to drink?

B:I feel like having a Coke.

A:That's a good idea. I'll have the same.

to feel like having – хотіти

5) On the plane

A:I say, are you feeling all right?

B:Not quite, I'm afraid. I am a little air-sick.

A:So sorry. Is there anything I can do for you?

B:Thank you. It's better now.

A:Will you have a glass of water?

B:A little later, please.

to be a little air-sick - трошки нудить

2. Speak on the following situations:

1.You are in Toronto. You want to visit Science Museum. Ask for directions.

2.You have arrived in the hotel "Sheraton". Ask for a single room for a night.

3.You are very hungry. You are lack of time. Visit a fast food restaurant and order some meal.

V Rendering.

1. Read the following text and translate it using a dictionary.

ТНЕ MOST EXTRAORDINARY COUNTRY ТО EXPLORE

When people speak of Australia they can mean three things: 1) Australia as a continent; 2) Australia as an island and 3) Australia as an independent country. Australia is the world’s largest island and its smallest continent. Sometimes Australia is called "the upside down world". Саn уоu guess why? Because Australia lies in the Southern Hemisphere, where winter comes in July and summer begins in December.

During the Christmas holidays people often sunbathe оn the beaсh or swim and surf in the осеаn.

Australia is the hottest place in the Southern Hemisphere.

In July usual temperature is from 12° to 20°С. In January the temperature is from 20° to 30° С аbоvе zero or higher.

Most parts of Australia do not receive enough rain. Only оne sixth of the continent - а belt of land along the north, east, аnd south coasts - is comfortably humid. This narrow belt of land is the place where summers аrе warm and sunny and winters аrе mild.

Australia is a land of striking differences. In the centre of the continent more than 50% of the land is desert. There are three deserts there – The Great Sandy Desert, The Great Victoria Desert and The Gibson Desert. Most of the dry land is uninhabited, which explains Australia's small population - about 18 million people (compare: the UK population is about 58 million people).

It is interesting to notice that though most of the territory is too dry or too hot Australia has аn extraordinary collection оf birds and animals. Маnу of them аrе found only there. Early explorers were so surprised bу the еmu and the kangaroo that they described the continent as the land where birds "ran instead оf flying and animals hopped instead of running".

Australia is the home of two of the world's most primitive mammals - the duckbill and the anteater. They аrе the only mаmmаls that lay eggs. The kangaroo is perhaps the best known of Australia's animals. There аrе mоrе than 40 different kinds of kangaroos in Australia, in mаnу different colours and sizes. The big red kangaroo and the grey kangaroo mау bе аs tall аs а grown-up mаn. Some kangaroos аrе about the size of а large dog. The smallest kangaroo is the rat kangaroo. Another well-known Australia's animal is the koala that resembles а teddy-bear. It spends most of its life in eucalyptus trees and eats оnlу the leaves of those trees. The еmu, Australia's largest bird is also оnе of the largest in the world. It cannot flу but is а good runner.

Two animals were brought to the country bу the Europeans and have bесоmе wild in Australia. These аrе the buffalo, brought from India, and the European rabbit. Buffaloes were brought to the north coast as work animals early in the 19th century. They escaped and multiplied and now inhabit the swampy river valleys around Darwin. Each year hunters shoot thousands of them.

Rabbits were brought mоrе than 100 years ago. There аrе now so mаnу of them in Australia that sheep farmers have constant wars against the rabbits because they destroy much grass.

No matter how far from Europe Australia is, mаnу people who аrе fond of travelling would like to visit this land becausе it is such аn extraordinary place to explore!

2.Make up a plan of the text in the form of questions.

3.Give the summary of the text according to your plan in a written form.

V Comprehensive skills.

1. Read and remember:

1.'Emerald Isle' – „Смарагдовий острів”

2.to have а great impact – мати вплив

3.turns of speech – мовні звороти

4.to derive – походити, виникати

5.ale – ель

6.apparently – безсумнівно

7.funky – дуже модний (сленг)

8.exaggeration – перебільшення

9.to lead astray – спантеличувати, збити зі шляху

10.flair – схильність

11.to hail from – бути родом з

2.Listen to the text “Ireland” and try to understand it.

3.True or false:

1.The two languages in Ireland are Irish and English.

2.Ireland is a young country.

3.Ireland is the country of legends and fairy-tales.

4.Ireland’s greatest contribution to world culture is in the field of light industry.

5.The capital of Ireland is Dublin.

6.The Irish English speech is more vivid, with a flair for picturesque exaggeration.

7.People of Ireland are charming.

8.Oscar Wilde, Samuel Beckett and George Bernard Shaw are of Irish origin.

9.The English of Ireland doesn’t differ from the standard literary English.

10.Ireland has had а great impact оn Gaelic-language literature.

4. Listen to the text once again and answer the questions:

1.What are the most famous mythological characters of Ireland?

2.What is the difference between British English and Irish English?

3.What prominent names can prove Ireland’s contribution to world literature?

4.What is the capital of Ireland?

5.What is the best place to meet people in Ireland?

till, untill next Monday – до наступного понеділка.

UNIT 8

Topic: Customs and traditions

Grammar: 1. The Future Continuous Tense

2.The Future Perfect Tense

3.Питальні слова, структура питання, види питань, питання до підмета

ІPhonetic skills.

1.Listen and repeat:

1.Afganistan [æf'gænistαn]

2.Pakistan [͵pa:kis'ta:n]

3.Thailand ['tailænd]

4.Japan [dʒə'pæn]

5.punctuality [pΛŋktju'æliti]

6.champagne [∫æm'pein]

2.Listen and remember the following phrases:

1.to have a reputation of – мати репутацію

2.to be supposed – припускатися

3.to be reputed - визнаватися

4.to change ideas – змінити думку

5.to keep interrupting smb. – переривати когось весь час

6.to shake hands – потискати руки, вітатися

7.to bring to a conclusion – завершувати

8.to take care of - піклуватися

II Reading skills.

1.Read and remember:

1.boastful - хвалькуватий

2.gregarious - товариський

3.reserved – стриманий

4.to work part-time – працювати не повний робочий час

5.to arrange a birthday party – справляти день народження

6.to bang on time – прибути вчасно

2.Read and translate the text:

Cultures around the World

Almost every nation has a reputation of some kind. How much do we know about different cultures? The French are supposed to be fond of champagne; the German dull, formal, fond of military uniforms and parades; the Americans boastful, energetic, gregarious and vulgar. The British are reputed to be cold, reserved, who do not yell in the street, change their governments as they change their underclothes, or have revolutions. But when the European Community began to increase in size, travelling to all corners of the world got easier and easier. Very soon we had to change our ideas, as we realized that we had a lot to learn about how to behave with our foreign friends.

The French like conversation. When you are speaking to French people, do not be suprised if they keep interrupting you and even raise their voices; it is quite normal. French people shake hands much more than the Americans or most Europeans. A woman in France will offer her hand first.

The Americans raise their children to be independent. It is a part of American culture. Most teenagers try to find summer or after school jobs, so they can have their own money. Students usually work part-time and during summer vacations.

The British are very polite in public. Loud talking and other forms of noisy behaviour should always be avoided. They don’t stand close to people they are talking to, they keep the distance. Privacy is highly regarded in the United Kingdom.

Of course, punctuality is a necessary habit in the life of civilized society. Without it, nothing could ever be brought to a conclusion. But how do different nationalities understand it? Imagine you have arranged a birthday party. What time should you expect your foreign guests to arrive? If they are Germans they’ll bang on time. If they British, they’ll be 10 or 15 minutes late – this gives hosts time to finish their preparations. And you should allow up to an hour for the Italians.

According to the wellknown proverb “When in Rome, do as the Romans do” here are some pieces of advice for travellers:

∙In Afganistan you should spend at least five minutes saying hello;

∙In Pakistan you mustn’t wink. It is offensive.

∙In the Middle East you must never use the left hand for greeting, eating, drinking, or smoking.

∙In Thailand you should clasp your hands together and lower your head and eyes when you greet someone.

∙In Japan lowing the head is a mark of respect. You should avoid eye contact.

3. Answer the following questions:

1. What reputation have the French, the German, the Americans and the British got? 2. When did travelling all over the world get easy?

3. How do the Americans raise their children?

4. What do the British think about the privacy?

5. Is punctuality a necessary habit?

5. Find the correct word, given below:

It is not a good idea to make eye contact in ...

It is not a good idea to talk aloud in ...

It is not a good idea to use the left hand for greeting in ...

It is not a good idea to wink in ...

It is not a good idea to shake hands with everyone in ...

(Thailand, Great Britain, Japan, Pakistan, The Middle East)

III Grammar skills.

1. Choose the correct form:

1.I (works / have worked / shall be working) at the lab at twelve o'clock.

2.I (shall be waiting / wait / have waited) for you at seven o'clock in the evening.

3.They (had discussed / are discussing / will be discussing) this question at this time tomorrow.

4.By 7 o'clock I (shall return/had returned / shall have returned) from the library. I'll gladly go to the exhibition if you wish.

5.The students of our group (read / will have read / will read) the book by the next Monday and then we'll discuss it.

6.I (shall have learnt / learn / had learnt) English customs after we come back from Great Britain.

7.They (translate / translated / will have translated) the article before the teacher comes.

8.I (shall have congratulated / congratulate / had congratulated) my relatives by the Christmas.

2.Complete the sentences by filling in the blanks:

1.My friend will be reading the book ...

2.Ann will have sent the congratulations by ...

3.My brother will have entered the University when ...

4.Students will be going through the exam ...

5.I shall be preparing for practical classes ...

6.Peter will have received presents when ...

7.I shall have studied English as soon as ...

8.The tourists will be taking part ...

3. Put the verb in brackets in an appropriate tense form:

1.Ann and Andy got married on June 1st. Today is June 14th. Ann and Andy ... (be) married for two weeks. By June 7th, they ... (be) married for one week.

2.The traffic is terrible. We're going to be late. By the time we ... (get) to the airport, Bob's plane ... (already arrive), and he ... (wonder) where we are.

3.Go ahead and leave on your vacation. Don't worry about this work. By the time you ... (get) back, we ... (take) care of everything.

4.I don't understand how those marathon runners do it! The race began over an hour ago. By the time they reach the finish line, they ... (run) steadily for more than two hours. I don't think I can run more than two minutes.

5.What? He got married again? At this rate, he ... (have) a dozen wives by the time he ... (die).

6.Last year Nick entered the University. He ... (do) a lot research by the time he ...

(write) his diploma design.

7.When I ... (get) up tomorrow morning, the sun ... (shine), the birds ... (sing) and my roommate ... (lie, still) in bed.

8.Tomorrow I'm going to leave for home. When I ... (arrive) at the airport, my whole family ... (wait) for me.

4. Put the verb into the correct form:

1. Don't phone me between 7 and 8 ... (we / have) dinner then.

Phone me after 8 o'clock. ... (we / finish) dinner by then.

2.Tomorrow afternoon we're going to play tennis from 3 o'clock until 4.30. So at 4 o'clock, ... (we / play) tennis.

3.A: Can we meet tomorrow afternoon? B: Not in the afternoon. ... (I / work)

4.Ann came to Kyiv from Odesa nearly three years ago. Next Monday it will be exactly three years. So on Monday, ... (she / be) in Kyiv for exactly three years.

5.Do you think ... (you / still / do) the same job in ten years' time?

6.Jane is from New Zealand. She is travelling around Europe at the moment. So far she has travelled about 1,000 km. By the end of the trip, ... (she / travel) more than 3,000 km.

5.Ask questions to which the following statements are the answers:

1.No, I'll be watching the football match then.

2.Fine. The match will have finished by then.

3.Tomorrow my friends will be arriving at this time.

4.Next Monday I won't be at home at 9 o'clock. I'll have gone to work.

5.At this time I'll be lying on a beach or swimming in the sea.

6.Put the words into correct word-order:

1.Kyiv / When / visit / did / you?

2.fast / driving / were / How / you?

3.Why / you / with / us / aren't / coming?

4.question / can / Who / answer / that?

5.Where / taken / been / should / package / have / this?

7.Ask all possible questions to next sentences:

1.Nick took four courses last semester.

2.There are Jim's books and papers near the computer.

3.There are only six public holidays a year in Great Britain.

4.Each state in the USA has its national holidays.

5.My friends will be able to join us in a week.

8.Add tag questions and give affirmative and negative answers:

1.You used to live in New York, ...

2.There's a better way to solve that problem, ...

3.Nick is going to come to class tomorrow, ...

4.You sat next to me yesterday, ...

5.Class ends at ten, ...

6.Nobody has told you the secret, ...

7.You have not seen that movie yet, ...

9.Translate into English:

1.Що ви будете робити о 7 годині? – Ми будемо дивитись передачу про традиції шотландців.

2.Ти перекладеш цю вправу до суботи? – Боюсь, що ні. Я буду зайнятий на цьому

тижні. Я думаю, що перекладу її до вівторка.

3.Я думаю, що ми здамо всі екзамени до того, як повернеться батько.

2.Коли ми зустрінемось знову, я вже закінчу університет.

3.Я думаю, що до того часу, коли ваш викладач повернеться, ви закінчите свій реферат.

4.На наступний Новий рік ми будемо слухати дзвони Біг Бена.

5.Я певна, що парад королівських гвардійців в Лондоні справить на тебе велике враження.

6.Згідно прогнозу погоди, коли ми приїдемо в Лондон, буде дощ.

IV Communicative skills.

1. Read the dialogues and reproduce them.

1)

Ann: Olga! Do many tourists visit your country?

Olga: Yes, a lot. Now Ukraine is very popular among foreigners. A.: Really! But what attracts them?

O.: They are interested in our history and traditions, the styles and ways of our life. A.: What do they come to see?

O.: The most popular sightseeing is the museum of Ukrainian architecture and ethnography in Pyrohovo.

A.: Is it worth visiting?

O.: Oh. It’s a unique combination of architecture and folk handicraft arts such as wood carving, inlay, ceramics, embroidery and weaving. Besides, it is situated in the open air. A.: What a marvellous place!

O.: To strike you to the end you can taste various Ukrainian dishes there. A.: Let’s go there next Sunday.

2)

Olga: Look, Ann, I am going to prepare a report about British national costume. Can you help me?

Ann: With pleasure. Perhaps the most famous costume is the Scottish kilt with its distinctive tartan pattern. By the way, do you know what kilt is?

O.: Surely. The kilt is a length of wollen cloth and is worn around the waist, with pleats at the back and the ends crossed over at the front and secured with a pin. Do you have any idea about the traditional patterns and colours of kilts? I guess it would be interesting to mention about them in my report.

A.: You see, Olga, each Scottish Clan or family has its own distinctive tartan pattern, made up of different colours, and an official register of tartans is maintained by the Scottish Tartans Society in Perthshire.

O.: Thank you very much Ann. Now I know what I should begin with. A.: You are welcome.

3)

Dmytro: Hello! Haven’t seen you for ages? Pete: Hi! I’ve just returned from the USA.

D.: How do you find Americans?

P.: I stayed at my friend’s place and we were invited to a birthday party. To tell the truth I was surprised that each person was asked to bring a dish of food.

D.: I wonder if the hostess didn’t cook herself?

P.: Well, she knew how many of each kind of dish she needed, but not exactly what the guests would bring. This is why this tradition is called “pot luck”.

D.: Oh, it’s a lovely surprise, holding a party and not knowing what you’re going to feed your guests.

P.: As the guests arrived, they put their dishes or pot as it used to be called on the table and the meal was served buffet – style and drinks were provided.

D.: Do you enjoy this kind of entertaining?

P.: Yes, it’s a fun, relaxed way of getting together.

2. Speak on the following situations:

1.You are going to celebrate Feast Day of Ivan Kupalo with your friends tomorrow. What are you going to do?

2.Discuss with your friends from different countries (regions) tradition of New Year Eve celebrating.

3.What would you advise people coming to live and work in your country?

V Rendering.

1. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary:

107, Pryozerna St.

Kyiv, Ukraine

Dear Olha,

I’ve been in England for three months now. I’ll soon be starting my studies at King’s College and I’ve been learning about England and British ways of living.

I find some customs new and interesting. People here do not shake hands as much as we do. During the first few weeks I was often surprised because people did not put out their hands when I met them. Men raise their hats to women but not to each other. When you go to a friend’s house for a meal, it’s not the custom to say "Thank you" at the end of the meal as in our country. Here you wait until you are leaving to go home and then you say "Thank you" for having been asked to come.

I always thought that the last meal of the day was dinner. My English friends usually call it supper. They tell me that it’s more convenient to have a light meal about seven or half-past. Half-past seven is the time at many of the London theatres.

Sunday is a very quiet day in London. All the shops are closed and so are the theatres and most of the cinemas. Londoners like to go out on Sundays. There are thousands of cars on the roads into the country. The south coast is only fifty or sixty miles away and people like to go down to the sea for the day.

There are very few outdoor cafes here. That’s because the weather changes so often and so quickly, I suppose. The sun may be shining one minute and then, a few minutes later, it may be raining.

What a lot of foreigners there are in London! When I travel on the buses I hear different languages. London is full of people from all parts of the world in summer. I’ve often stopped people in the street to ask the way and have found that they, like me, are not Londoners. Now, if I want help, I ask a policeman. The London policemen are always ready to help.

English people do not talk as much as we do. I’ve often travelled by train and nobody has spoken to me during the journey. I know one Englishman who is unusual: he speaks seven languages. And he can be silent in seven languages!

This is a long letter, isn't it? I must stop and say "Goodbye" to you now. Please write and tell me how you are and what you and your friends are doing.

Love

Natalie.

2. Make up a plan of the text in the form of questions.

3. Give the summary of the text according to your plan in a written form.

VI Comprehensive skills.

1.Read and remember:

1.pagan – язичник

2.to inherit – спадкувати

3.legacy – спадок

4.rite – обряд

5.folk handicraft arts – мистецтво народних ремесел

6.woodcarving – різьба по дереву

7.inlay – інкрустація, мозаїка

8.embroidery – вишивка

9.weaving – ткацтво

10.threads – нитки

11.pattern – малюнок

2.Listen to the text “Cultural life of Ukraine” and try to understand it.

3.True or false:

1.The cultural life of the Ukrainian people is poor and dull.

2.Music is an essential part of Ukrainian culture.

3.M. Leontovych’s popular Christmas song “Carol of the Bell” is heard in France today.

4.Listen to the text once again and answer the following questions:

1.The Ukrainian people have inherited a legacy of folk customs, rituals and rites, haven’t they?

2.What is the Ukrainian popular lute-like instrument?

3.What time does Ukrainian folk dancing date to?

4.What do Ukrainians love to embroider?

Питання: Where does he live? Відповідь: In Kyiv.

Question words When – питання до обставини часу.

When did they arrive?

Where – питання до обставини місця. Where is she?

Why – питання до обставини причини. Why did he live early?

How – питання до обставини способу дії.

How does he drive? – питання до обставини ступеню. How many people came?

How old are you?

How often do you write home?

Who – питання до підмета (особа) присудок вживається в однині. Who comes to greet you?

Who came to visit you? Who is coming to diner tonight? Whom – питання до прямого додатка.

Who(m) did you see?

Who(m) should I talk to? (formal) Whose – питання до визначення. Whose book did you borrow?

Whose key is this?

What – питання до підмета (предмета).

What made you angry? What went wrong? – питання до додатка. What do you need? – питання до визначення.

What kind of shoes does he buy? What countries did you visit?

What colour is his hair?

Which – питання до визначення когось, або чогось обумовленого, відомого. І have two pens. Which pen do you want?

2.Listen and remember the following phrases:

1.United Nations Declaration – декларація ООН

2.human rights – права людини

3.degree – вчений ступінь

4.to be rooted – сягати корінням

5.higher learning (education) – вища освіта

6.ahead – на чолі

7.inherit – успадкувати

8.pre-school education – дошкільна освіта

9.secondary school – середня школа 10.free of charge – безкоштовний 11.tuition fee – плата за навчання 12.ethnic origin – етнічне походження

13.vocational training establishment – професійно-технічний навчальний заклад

14.scholarship – стипендія

II Reading skills.

1. Read and remember:

1.to provide (v) – забезпечувати

2.entrant (n) – абітурієнт

3.establishment (n) – заклад

4.undergraduate (n) – студент

5.Bachelor’s Degree – ступінь бакалавра

6.Master’s Degree – ступінь магістра

7.to adopt (v) – пристосувати

8.post-graduate courses – аспірантура

9.post-graduate (n) – аспірант

10.to be regarded – визнаватися, котуватися

11.full-time student – студент стаціонару

12.merit (n) – здобуток, заслуга (по закінченні середньої освіти.)

2. Read and translate the text:

Higher Education in Ukrainian Educational System

This is the extract from the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights. Article 26.(1). Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. According to the Oxford advanced learner’s dictionary, higher education (H.E.) is education and training at college and university, especially to degree level.

Here in Ukraine education is rooted in very old traditions reaching ancient times. In the 16th-18th centuries, an increasing number of schools were set up by national religious-educational communities – “Brotherhoods”, for instance in Lviv (1585), Kyiv

(1615) and Lutsk (1620). The Greek-Slavonic-Latin Collegium, Ukraine’s first institution of higher learning, was founded in Ostroh in 1576.

At the turn of the 18th century the level of public literacy placed Ukraine ahead of a number of Western and Eastern European countries.

The first universities appeared in Lviv (1661), then in Kharkiv (1805), Kyiv (1834) and Odesa (1865). Later, specialized institutes were opened for training industrial, railroad engineers, agronomists, physicians and specialists in other fields.

The educational system includes pre-school educational establishments. The basic link in the chain of public education in Ukraine is the “general education school” (secondary school). It has three stages: primary, basic and senior. Educational system of Ukraine also includes vocational training establishments.

To become a university student one must pass entrance exams to a certain highereducational establishment. However, there can be some other variants of entering universities. Entrants can also have interviews instead of exams or their school-leaving exam marks or grades can be their university entrance exams marks. According to legislation, university education may be either free of charge or students must pay tuition fee.

Usually full-time students of a university study for five years (except medical students who have a bit different rules.). An academic year may consist of two terms or semesters. After each term Ukrainian students have a difficult time of exams and credits that is called session. If they pass it successfully and their studying is free of charge, our students can get their scholarship. Universities also provide extra-mural and distant forms of education.

After four years of hard work undergraduates get their first Bachelor’s degree. Then they continue their studying and in a year they become either specialists or they can defend their thesis for a Master’s Degree. Students who study to get their first degree are called undergraduates, when they have studied their five years they are called graduates. Ukrainian students study at universities to obtain both diplomas of higher education and degree. The notion of degree has been borrowed from the western systems of higher education and adopted to our realities. But they do not coincide with those ones of e.g. the U.K. or the USA.

Graduates who want to continue their education after university can do it at postgraduate courses. They become post-graduates who after having studied for some years and having prepared their candidate theses defend them and get one more degree, that one of candidate.

Nowadays the system of higher education is surviving the period of transforming. We must adopt the principles of Bologna process, according to which teaching methods will be improved and Ukrainian educational standards will answer the European requirements as well as Ukrainian diplomas and certificates of higher education will be regarded abroad.

If you are eager to obtain higher education, you can do it at any university of Ukraine. The most famous among them are: Kyiv National University named after Taras Shevchenko, Lviv National University named after Ivan Franko, Drahomanov Kyiv National Teacher’s Training University, Kyiv Polytechnical Institute, National Economic University, International Independent University “Kyiv-Mohyla Academy”. Every big city of Ukraine has a National University. If you are interested in light

industry technologies you can enter the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. You can also study abroad if you can afford it. But this is another story.

3.Find the answers to the questions:

1.What is higher education?

2.What traditions is Ukrainian education rooted in?

3.Where and when did first universities appear in Ukraine?

4.What learning establishments does Ukrainian educational system include?

5.At which educational establishments can one obtain H.E.?

6.How did you enter the university?

7.What are full-time students, undergraduates, graduates and postgraduates?

8.When can one get a Bachelor’s Degree?

9.You get a Master’s Degree after three years of studying, don’t you?

10.Does one complete his/her education after graduating from the university?

4.Complete the sentences:

1.‘… higher education shall be … ‘

2.… especially to degree level.

3.Ukraine’s first institution of higher learning was founded …

4.According to the legislation …

5.Usually full-time students …

5. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:

6. True or false statements:

1.Higher education is education and practice at school or vocational training establishment to degree level.

2.At the beginning of the 20th century the level of public literacy placed Ukraine ahead of many countries.

3.To become a university student one must not pass any exams.

4.Usually Ukrainian full-time students study for 15 years.

5.You can get a Bachelor’s Degree after the first year at your university.

6.Students who work to get their first degree are called undergraduates.

7.Ukrainian graduates get both diplomas of higher education and a degree of a specialist.

8.The system of higher education in our country is going to remain without any change.

9.Foreign university degrees completely correspond to Ukrainian ones.

III Grammar skills.

1. Choose the correct form:

1.Full-time students ... all their time for learning.

2.Complete the sentences with proper verb forms using the verbs in brackets:

a)with Present Simple or Present Continuous.

1.About 100,000 school-leavers ... (become) university students every year.

2.The number of institutions of higher education ... (increase) very fast.

3.What ... this word ... (mean)?

4.I ... (prepare) for my home-reading at the moment.

5.Be careful! The lecturer ... (dictate) something important.

6.Now I ... (understand) the rule.

b)with Past Simple or Past Continuous.

1.We ... (go) down in the lift when suddenly it ... (stop).

2.When the bell ... (ring), all students ... (stand up) and ... (rush) to the door.

3.I ... (work) in the reading hall when suddenly you ... (phone).

4.My pen ... (break) down when I ... (write) my composition.

5.‘What ... you ... (do) in the evening?’ – ‘I ... (stay) at home and ... (watch) television.

6.While Sam ... (work) on the computer, Tina ... (revise) for exams.

c)with Past Simple or Present Perfect.

1.They ... just (graduate) from the university.

2.I ... (graduate) from my institute eight years ago.

3.I ... (fail) my first exam but now it’s Ok.

4.She ... (fail) her exam.

5.‘... you ever ... (be) to any foreign university?’ – ‘Yes, I ... (be). I ... (be) there in 2004.

6.(It’s 10 o’clock in the morning.) ‘... you ... (see) our Dean this morning?’ – ‘Yes, I ... (see) him when I ... (arrive) to university, but he ... (go) out soon afterwards.

d)with Past Simple, Past Continuous or Past Perfect.

1.Fleming ... (study) influenza when he ... (discover) penicillin.