- •English for future economists
- •N.A. Shpak
- •O.L. Shevchenko
- •Передмова
- •I. Practise the pronunciation of the following words.
- •II. Before you read answer the following questions.
- •III. Read and memorize the following words and word —combinations.
- •IV. Text а
- •V. Give the English equivalents of the following.
- •VI. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text a.
- •VII. Find pairs of words as they occur in the text.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Match the following terms with their definitions.
- •X. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list.
- •XI. Translate into English.
- •XII. Match the equivalents before reading.
- •XIII. Text b
- •XIV. Find in the text.
- •XV. Find the words in the text that mean.
- •XVI. Translate the following into Ukrainian.
- •XVII. Text c
- •XVIII. Answer the following questions.
- •XX. Add an appropriate preposition to each of the following sentences where indicated.
- •XXI. Study the following words and word-combinations. What are their Ukrainian equivalents?
- •XXII. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •XXIII. Study the following words and word combinations. Make your own sentences to describe different trends of economic development.
- •Increase, raise, put up, step up, extend, expand, rise, grow, soar, boom;
- •II. Before you read answer the following questions.
- •III. Read and memorize the words and word — combinations.
- •IV. Text а Traditional Economy
- •V. Find English equivalents.
- •VI. Find the synonyms among the following words.
- •VII. Find the antonyms.
- •VIII. Complete the sentences:
- •IX. Describe the traditional economy.
- •X. Text в Command Economy
- •XI. Translate the following words and word-combinations:
- •XII. Find the equivalents in the text.
- •XIII. Read and translate the definitions.
- •XIV. Complete the sentences:
- •XV. Describe the command economy.
- •XVI. Text c Market Economy
- •XVII. Find the equivalents in the text:
- •XVIII. Complete the following sentences:
- •XIX. Fill in the gaps with the given words.
- •XX. Describe the market economy.
- •XXI. Text d
- •XXIV. Put questions to the sentences of the exercise XXIII.
- •XXV. Answer the questions.
- •I. Practise the pronunciation of the following words.
- •V. Answer the following questions.
- •VI. Give English equivalents for the following Ukrainian words and word-
- •VII. Match the term from the left-hand column with its definition from
- •VIII. What kind of industry do you work in?
- •IX. A) What kind of service do you render?
- •X. Choose one or more of the following products and describe (in as much
- •XI. Read a magazine article about James Dyson's product and complete it with suitable words from the box.
- •XII. Read the sentences and supply the missing vowels for each adjective.
- •XIII. Complete the text with the best word. The life cycle of a product
- •XIV. Listen to a sales manager presenting a product to some buyer. Which of
- •XV. Presenting a product. Complete the text with words from the box.
- •XVI. Look at these advertisements. Correct any mistakes in the order of the adjectives.
- •Items for sale
- •XVII. Translate into English.
- •XVIII. Text в Factors of production
- •XIX. Answer the following questions.
- •XX. Join the halves.
- •XXI. Read the following sentences and say if they are true or false.
- •Unit IV
- •I. Practise the pronunciation of the following words.
- •II. Before reading the text answer the following questions.
- •III. Read and memorize the following words and word- combinations.
- •IV. Text а Demand
- •V. Match the terms on the left with their Ukrainian equivalents on the right.
- •VI. Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Make up your own 5 sentences using word combinations from Ex.VI
- •IX. Choose the correct answer.
- •X. Translate into English.
- •XI. Text в Supply and market price
- •XII. Answer the following questions.
- •XIII. Re-read the text to find out which of the following statements are correct.
- •XIV. Match the following English word combinations with their Ukrainian
- •XV. Choose the correct answer.
- •2. When university students leave for the summer holiday, the demand for meals at the local cafe declines. This results in:
- •4. A shift of supply is defined as a change in the:
- •XVI. Text c Why prices are important in a market economy
- •XVII. Match the synonyms.
- •XVIII. Find Ukrainian equivalents for the following phrases.
- •XIX. Act as an interpreter for a. And b.
- •IV. Text a
- •VI. Find in the text the English equivalents of the following.
- •VII. Fill the gaps with the words from the list.
- •Inefficient and frustrating, commodities, inventions, money, coincidence, shapes and sizes, overcome, precious metals.
- •VIII. Match the following words with their definitions.
- •IX. Answer the following questions.
- •X. Read and memorize the words and word-combinations.
- •XI. Text b
- •XII. Match the equivalents of the following words.
- •XIII. Find the English equivalents of the following.
- •XIV. Complete the sentences.
- •XV. Answer the following questions.
- •XVI. Read and memorize the following words.
- •XVII. Text c
- •XVIII. Match the equivalents of the following words.
- •XIX. Find the word with opposite meaning.
- •XX. Match the synonym.
- •XXI. Put the words in correct order and make the sentences.
- •XXII. Complete the sentences with the words from the list.
- •XXIII. Choose the correct alternative to complete the sentences:
- •I. Practise the pronunciation of the following words.
- •II. Before reading the text answer the following questions.
- •III. Read and memorize the words and word-combinations.
- •IV. Text a
- •VI. Match the equivalents of the following words.
- •VII. Fill the gaps with the words from the list.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Read and memorize the words and word-combinations.
- •XI. Text b
- •Investment Banks
- •XI. Translate the words and word-combinations according to the text.
- •XII. Match the equivalents of the following words.
- •XIII. Match the synonyms.
- •XIV. Complete the sentences.
- •XV. Answer the following questions.
- •XVI. Read, translate and memorize the following statements.
- •Unit VII
- •IV. Answer the following questions.
- •V. Give English equivalents for the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations.
- •VI. Find equivalents.
- •VII. Complete the sentences with words from the box.
- •VIII. Translate into English.
- •IX. Practise the pronunciation of the following words.
- •X. Before you read the text answer the following questions.
- •XI. Read and memorize the words and word-combinations.
- •XII. Text b What is accounting
- •XIII. Answer the questions on the text above.
- •XV. Match the following terms with their definitions.
- •XVI. Fill the blanks with proper prepositions or adverbs if necessary.
- •XVII. Write derivatives of the following verbs.
- •XVIII. Act as an interpreter for s. And a.
- •XIX. Translate into English.
- •XX. Before reading and translating the text memorize the following words and
- •XXI. Text c The work of accountants
- •XXII. Find the equivalents.
- •XXIII. Fill in the blanks from the words below. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •XXIV. Text d What is auditing
- •I. Practise the pronunciation of the following words.
- •II. Before you read answer the following questions:
- •III. Read and memorize the words and word —combinations:
- •IV. Text а Management and Managers
- •VI. Match the word — combinations with their translations.
- •VII. Fill in the gaps according to the text principals.
- •VIII. Read and translate the following statements.
- •IX. Answer the following questions.
- •X. Translate into English.
- •XI. Make your own plan of the text.
- •XII. Text в Kinds of Managers
- •XIII. Complete the sentences according to the text.
- •XIV. Match the following terms with their definitions.
- •XV. Put the words in order and make the sentences.
- •XVI. Answer the following questions:
- •XVII. Text c Management Skills
- •XVIII. Translate the following words and word-combinations.
- •XX. Complete the following sentences according to the text.
- •XXI. Translate into English.
- •Unit IX
- •I. Practise the pronunciation of the following words.
- •II. Before you read answer the following questions.
- •III. Read and memorize the following words and word- combinations.
- •IV. Text а What is marketing
- •V. Give the English equivalents of the following.
- •VI. Match the following terms their definitions.
- •VII. Answer the following questions.
- •VIII. Use the following phrases to complete the conversation.
- •IX. Translate into English.
- •X. Text в Universal marketing functions
- •XI. Tick t (true) or f (false) sentences.
- •XII. Work out the table to show basic marketing functions.
- •XIII. Fill in the gaps with words from the list.
- •XIV. Find words in the text above which go with these definitions.
- •XV. Translate into Ukrainian in written form. Production Life Cycle
- •Can you give any example illustrating four stages of product life?
- •XVI. Text c
- •XVII. Answer the following questions.
- •XVIII . Explain, in your own words, the following terms.
- •XX. Think of the nouns that are commonly used with the following verbs.
- •XXI. Logically organize the following sentences to make up the text. The first sentence is given to you.
- •I. Practise the pronunciation of the following words.
- •II. Before you read the text answer the questions.
- •III. Read and memorize the words and word combinations.
- •IV. Text а Advertising
- •V. Read the statements and decide if they are true or false or if the statement gives information that is not provided in the text.
- •VI. Look at the words in the box below. Label each item: 1 - for advertising media, 2 - for method of advertising , 3- for verbs to do with advertising:
- •VII. Choose the most suitable word from the words in brackets to complete these sentences:
- •IX. Read, translate and learn by heart 10 phrases very often used in the
- •X. Read some catchphrases from advertising and identify which of the
- •XI. Translate into English.
- •XII. Complete the following sentences.
- •XII. Text b Consumer behaviour from the advertising perspective
- •XIII. Answer the following questions.
- •XIV. Study the following word-combinations. What are their Ukrainian equivalents?
- •XV. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •XVI. Text c Public relations
- •XVII. Read the following passage attentively. Fill in the gaps with the words:
- •XVIII. The key-words of the following text are the derivatives to the word
- •XIX. Make up the sentences. The first word of each sentence is given to you.
- •XX. Translate into Ukrainian in written form.
- •Part two
- •Texts for supplementary reading
- •The Field of International Business
- •Types of International Business
- •International Managers
- •Text 4 recruiting
- •Text 5 employee motivation
- •Text 6 case analysis
- •Text 7 problem solving
- •Text 8 meetings
- •During the meeting:
- •Text 10
- •International marketing
- •Text 11 cultural environment
- •Alternatives for international operations
- •Text 13 designing an international marketing program
- •Text 15 bretton woods
- •Text 16 how does a swiss bank account work?
- •Text 17 career opportunities in banking
- •Text 18
- •The role of banks in theory
- •Text 19
- •Text 20 Money Laundering
- •Types of loans made by banks
- •Text 22 careers in finance
- •Part three
- •I. Present Simple or Present Continuous
- •1. Choose the correct form of the verb.
- •II. Present Perfect
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect.
- •3. Choose the correct form of the verb.
- •III. Present Perfect or Past Simple
- •1. Choose the correct form of the verb.
- •IV. Past Perfect
- •1. Make questions and negative sentences.
- •2 . Make sentences into Past Perfect using the following words.
- •3. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Perfect or Past Indefinite.
- •4. Link parts of the sentence using the words in brackets.
- •5. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Simple, Present Perfect or Past Perfect.
- •V. Future Perfect
- •VII. Past Perfect Continuous
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous.
- •2. Put the verbs in brackets into Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous.
- •VIII. Future Perfect Continuous
- •1. Put the verbs in brackets into Future Continuous or Future Perfect Continuous.
- •2. Put the verbs in brackets into Future Perfect or Future Perfect Continuous.
- •IX. Modal Verbs
- •1. Match halves of sentences using can.
- •If you you can
- •2. Put the words in order to make questions.
- •3. Make sentences with may or might using words in brackets.
- •4. Make questions using may, can or could.
- •5. Complete the sentences using must or have to (has to, had to, will have to).
- •6. Using have to, don’t have to, must not complete the sentences which are true
- •А) for your work:
- •Б) for your country:
- •7. Give recommendations or advice using should, shouldn’t or ought to with
- •8. Complete the sentences with appropriate modals.
- •1. Link together the halves and make sentences using Present Participle.
- •2. Rewrite the sentence using Past Participle.
- •3. Choose the appropriate form of the Participle.
- •XI. Gerund
- •1. Use Gerund with an appropriate proposition instead of the verb into brackets.
- •2. Fill the gaps with an appropriate form of the verb.
- •XII. Infinitive
- •2. Put the sentences into Present Perfect.
- •3. Rewrite the sentences using Objective Infinitive Complex.
- •4. Rewrite the sentences using Subjective Infinitive Complex.
- •XIII. Conditionals
- •1. Match the sentence halves 1-8 and a-h using Conditionals.
- •2. Make the sentence using Conditional I (What will you do?).
- •3. Imagine future situation using Conditional II (What would happen).
- •4. Put the verbs in the brackets into correct form using Conditional II.
- •5. Put the verbs in the brackets into correct form using Conditional III.
- •6. Choose the correct form of the verb.
- •XIV. Passive Voice
- •1. Link together appropriate parts of the sentence.
- •3. Put the verbs in brackets into the Simple or Continuous Passive.
- •4. Put the verbs in brackets into the Perfect Passive.
- •5. Rewrite these sentences in Passive.
- •XV. Reported Speech
- •1. Write the reported sentences.
- •2. Make the sentences using the following words.
- •3. Complete the reported sentences.
- •4. Make the reported questions.
- •5. Choose the correct form the verb.
- •Level а2
- •Test 1
- •Test 2
- •Test 4
- •Test 5
- •Test 6
- •Test 7
- •Test 8
- •Test 10
- •Test 11
- •Test 12
- •Test 13
- •Test 14
- •Test 15
- •Test 16
- •Test 17
- •Test 18
- •Test 19
- •Test 20
- •Part four
- •Successful writing
- •Techniques to begin your story
- •Techniques to end your story
- •Useful Vocabulary
- •English for future economists
XVI. Text c Why prices are important in a market economy
Prices are key ingredients in our economy because they make things happen. If buyers want to own some items badly enough, they will pay more for them. When sellers want to sell some items badly enough, they will lower their prices. Prices play such an important role in economic life that the United States is often described as a price-directed market economy. Let us see why.
Act as Signals to Buyers and Sellers. One of the things that prices do is carry information to buyers and sellers. When prices are low enough, they send a «buy» signal to buyers (consumers), who can now afford the things they want. When prices are high enough, they send a «sell» signal to sellers (retailers), who can now earn a profit at the new price.
Encourage Efficient Production. Prices encourage business people to produce their goods at the lowest possible cost. The less it costs to produce an item, the more likely it is that its producers will earn a profit.
Firms that are efficient will produce more goods with fewer raw materials than firms that are inefficient. Producers strive for efficiency as a way of increasing their profits. While these efforts are in the best interests of the sellers, all of us may benefit because we are provided with the things we want at lower costs.
3. Determine Who Will Receive the Things Produced. Finally, prices help to determine who will receive the economy's output of goods and services. The price that a worker receives for doing a job is called a wage. The amount of this wage determines how much the worker has to spend. What the worker can buy with those wages will depend, in turn, upon the prices of the goods and services the worker would like to own.
XVII. Match the synonyms.
to fix prices, to increase prices, reasonable price, arrive at a price, to raise prices, at any price, to be without price, to bring down the prices, fair price, price increase, to set prices, cheap at a price, price rise, to be beyond the price, to undercut prices.
XVIII. Find Ukrainian equivalents for the following phrases.
above price а. максимальна (офіційно) ціна
advanced price b. виробнича ціна
all-inclusive price c. договірна ціна
at a give-away price d. безцінний
average price e. зниження ціни
ceiling price f. роздрібна ціна
cost price g. підвищена ціна
keep up prices h. повна ціна
knock-down prices і. утримувати ціни на одному рівні
price floor j. оптова ціна
price reduction k. мінімальна ціна
wholesale price 1. викидні(втратні) ціни
retail price m. не допускати падіння цін
bargain price n. середня ціна
15.to maintain prices о. за дуже низькою ціною
XIX. Act as an interpreter for a. And b.
A.: Could you explain me what these curves mean?
В.: Звичайно. На цьому графіку ми бачимо криві попиту і пропозиції. Рух вздовж цих кривих відображає зміни в обсягах попиту і пропозиції. А це відбувається, коли змінюється ціна на товар чи послугу за інших рівних умов.
A.: Well, prices...I know that the prices are the key ingredients in our economy. But what actually does it mean?
В.:Так, дійсно, ціни відіграють важливу роль в економічному житті, оскільки, по-перше, вони діють як сигнали для покупців і продавців, по-друге, вони спонукають до ефективного виробництва і врешті-решт, вони визначають хто отримає вироблені товари.
A.: Is there difference between the terms «рrісе» and «market рrісе»?
В.: Так, термін «ціна» означає кількість грошей, за які щось продається, купується або пропонується. В той же час як термін « ринкова ціна» — це ціна, за якої обсяг попиту у певний період часу відповідає обсягу пропозиції.
A.: And on this schedule the point where the supply and demand curves are intersected is the market price.
В.: Так. Ти, я бачу, розумієш все з півслова.
A.: Thank you.
В.: Бажаю успіху!
Unit V
Topic: Money
Text A: What is Money
Text B: Functions and Characteristics of Money
Text C: Forms of Money
Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
stress the first syllable:
money, market, human, indicate, barter, services, goddess, temple, adequately, effort, output, spices, increase (n), absence, havoc, emerald, nominal, privilege;
b) stress the second syllable:
consider, essential, extent, society, apartment, directly, tobacco, increase (v), available, sufficient, avoid, rely, derive, evolve, accept, commodity, provide, liquidity, depend (upon), apparent, majority, transfer, convert.
Before reading the text answer the following questions.
What is money in your opinion?
What do assets mean?
What is barter system?
Read and memorize the words and word-combinations.
to accept – погоджуватись, визнавати
assets – активи, майно, гроші
coincident wants – збіжні бажання
to convert – конвертувати, обертати.
to derive – походити
emerald – смарагд, ізумруд
essential tool – необхідний інструмент
frustrating – зведений нанівець
gem – самоцвіт, коштовний камінь, гема
goddess – богиня
havoc – спустошення, руйнування
to indicate – вказувати, позначати
inefficient – непридатний, непродуктивний
to mint – карбувати
nominal value – умовна ціна (вартість)
to overcome – перемагати, подолати
precious metal – дорогоцінний (коштовний) метал
to prove – виявлятися, доводити, засвідчувати
to rely – довіряти, покладатися
ruby – рубін
sufficient – достатній, достатня кількість
temple – храм.