- •Міністерство освіти і науки, молоді та спорту україни
- •The Category of Mood
- •Direct Moods
- •Oblique (Indirect) Moods
- •Exercises:
- •1. Define the forms given in bold type and say what they express: 1) facts, 2) commands and requests, 3) non-facts.
- •The subjunctive I mood
- •The suppositional mood
- •The subjunctive II mood
- •The Use of the Oblique Moods in Simple Sentences
- •Exercises:
- •1. Express advice in the following situations:
- •2. Paraphrase the following sentences, using “had better”.
- •3. Express choice (preference) in the following situations:
- •4. Translate the sentences into English using the forms of Subjunctive II expressing either choice /preference or advice. Model: a) I’d rather stay here for a while;
- •5. Paraphrase the sentences so that to express an unreal wish:
- •6. Use the forms of the Subjunctive II translating the following simple sentences of exclamatory type into English.
- •7. Say that you would do the same but something prevents you from doing it.
- •8. Rearrange the following sentences saying that things could be (could have been) different. Begin your sentences with “But for”.
- •9. Translate the sentences with implied condition into English using the forms of the Conditional Mood.
- •10. Translate the sentences into English using the “but-for-phrase” as an equivalent for the Ukrainian “якби не…”
- •12. Give answers to the following questions, using but for… and the words in brackets.
- •13. Complete the following sentences, using the Conditional Mood (present or past) and the words in brackets.
- •14. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the Conditional Mood (present or past).
- •15. Translate into English. Mind the usage of the subject expressed by the infinitive.
- •Check Yourself
- •The Subjunctive II and the Conditional Mood
- •In Complex Sentences Subject Clauses
- •1. What would you say? Follow the example.
- •2. You have some ideas concerning your neighbours, Bob and Helen’s family.
- •3. Open the brackets, using the correct form of the verb.
- •Object Clauses
- •4. Practise the following according to the model.
- •5. Answer the following questions according to the model, note the form of the auxiliary verb.
- •6. Open the brackets, using the correct form of the Oblique Mood.
- •9. You know, my friend David isn’t very happy. He is never satisfied with anything. He is always grumbling.
- •10. Express your wishes and regrets about yourself and your family.
- •11. Match a statement (1 – 11) with a wish (a – k) and write the wishes in full using the correct form of the verb in brackets.
- •12. Contrast wishes with facts.
- •13. Express your wishes for the future. Use sentences with would – clauses for not very hopeful wishes.
- •14. Imagine you’re very unhappy about your roommate. Complain about your roommate’s bad habits using wish – sentences with would or wouldn’t.
- •15. Say you wouldn’t like to do what you are suggested as in the model.
- •16. Sometimes Dick thinks his wife is not an ideal wife. He has some wishes, preferences and regrets about her. What does he say?
- •18. Open the brackets using the correct form of the Oblique Mood.
- •19. Complete the sentences with as if (as though) and the correct mood form of one of the phrases from the box.
- •20. Answer the following questions according to the model.
- •21. Translate the following sentences.
- •Types of Condition in English
- •Exercises:
- •22. Read the story. The Story of Hamlet
- •23. Now write conditional sentences following the chart.
- •24. Write a past conditional sentence for each situation.
- •25. Complete the following conversation with the correct form of each verb in brackets.
- •26. Rewrite the pairs of sentences as one sentence only. Begin each one with If.
- •27. Make up conditional sentences based on the given context.
- •28. Answer the questions:
- •29. Choose the sentence which expresses the same idea.
- •Mixed Conditional Forms
- •31. State in which sentences the condition is real and in which it is unreal. Translate into English using the forms of the Indicative or the Oblique Mood.
- •32. Use the proper mood forms, translating into English the following complex sentences with adverbial clauses of real, unreal, and hypothetic condition.
- •33. Use the proper mood forms translating into English the following complex sentences with adverbial clauses of real, unreal and hypothetical condition.
- •34. Raymond is talking to his doctor. Match the half sentences 1 to 5 with the half sentences (a) to (e) to make five correct sentences.
- •35. Complete these sentences about an office using the verbs in brackets and will or would where necessary. More than one answer is sometimes possible.
- •36. These sentences are about an old man’s regrets as he looks back on his life. Make sentences of unreal condition.
- •Adverbial clauses of unreal concession
- •38. Translate the sentences into English using the forms of Subjunctive II in adverbial clauses of unreal concession and the forms of the conditional mood in the main clauses.
- •Check Yourself
- •1. Read the story and render it in English:
- •2. Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
- •3. Open the brackets using the verbs in oblique moods. The Farmer and the Apples
- •4. Read the following passages written by school leavers as part of a survey on “My Perfect School”. Find mistakes in each passage.
- •5. Translate the jokes into English paying attention to the use of the oblique moods:
- •The Suppositional Mood The Subjunctive I Mood
- •1. Paraphrase the formulaic subjunctive. Translate the sentences with formulaic subjunctive.
- •2. Identify sentences in British (be) and American English (ae) among the following. Translate them.
- •3. Each of the following is incorrect. Correct the sentences transforming them into formal ones (be) and (ae).
- •4. Complete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first one, using the word in bold. Do not change the word in bold.
- •5. The sentences below are very formal. Some of them contain errors. Correct them.
- •Neutral and Emotive Adjectives
- •6. Open the brackets:
- •7. Translate into English:
- •8. Make adverbial clauses of purpose
- •11. Give answers to the following questions:
- •12. Complete the following sentences:
- •13. Translate into English:
- •14. Make the condition problematic, unlikely to be fulfilled.
- •15. Translate into English.
- •16. Paraphrase the following statements. Use the Suppositional Mood.
- •17. Comment on the following statements expressing astonishment, disbelief, disapproval (give several variants in each case).
- •18. Paraphrase the following sentences (give several variants in each case)
- •I don’t believe it important
- •19. Translate into English, using the Suppositional and the Subjunctive I Mood. Define the type of the subordinate clause.
- •20. Translate into English, using the Suppositional and the Subjunctive I Mood. Define the type of the subordinate clause.
- •21. Complete the sentences and choose the correct mood form.
- •22. Translate into English using the correct mood forms.
- •Revision Exercises
- •1. Complete the following sentences using the suggested word combinations, analyze the type of the subordinate clause and the mood used: Model:
- •2. Define the kind of adverbial clauses in the following complex sentences. Comment on the verb forms used in the adverbial clauses.
- •3. Translate into English giving all possible variants:
- •4. Find mistakes if any.
- •5. Open the brackets, using the correct form of the oblique moods.
- •6. Translate into English concentrating on the use of oblique moods and tenses.
- •7. Translate into English concentrating on the use of oblique moods and tenses.
- •8. Translate into English concentrating on the use of oblique moods and tenses.
- •9. Translate into English concentrating on the use of oblique moods and tenses.
- •10. Correct mistakes if any.
- •The verbals the verbids
- •The characteristic traits of the verbals
- •In the sentence the verbal may occur:
- •The Infinitive
- •Categories of the Infinitive
- •The Use of the Infinitive Without the Particle “to”
- •Functions of infinitive
- •Classification of Predicates
- •1. The Simple Verbal Predicate
- •2. The Compound Nominal Predicate
- •Classification of Link-verbs
- •3. The Compound Verbal Predicate
- •3A) The Compound Verbal Modal Predicate
- •3B) The compound verbal aspect(ive) predicate
- •The subjective infinitive construction
- •The use of the subjective infinitive construction
- •In translating the Objective Infinitive Construction into Ukrainian we nearly always use a subordinate clause.
- •The objective infinitive construction is used:
- •To have
- •Exceptions:
- •6. Complex adverbial modifier of result/consequence:
- •Exercises:
- •1. Insert the infinitive with the particle “to” before it where necessary:
- •2. Use the required form of the infinitive in brackets. Insert the particle “to” where necessary:
- •3. Use the required form of the infinitive in brackets. Insert the particle “to” where necessary:
- •4. State the syntactic function of the infinitive:
- •5. Use the appropriate form of the infinitive in brackets:
- •6. Choose the proper form of the infinitives in brackets:
- •7. Use the infinitives in brackets in the appropriate form:
- •8. Use the infinitive in brackets in the appropriate form after the modal verbs:
- •9. Turn the following sentences into sentences with complex subject:
- •10. Complete the following, using the correct form of the infinitive; translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •11. Paraphrase the following so as to use a complex subject, use the verb in brackets:
- •12. Transform the following sentences into sentences with complex object:
- •13. State the syntactic function of the “for – to – infinitive – construction”:
- •14. Define the function of the “for – complex”:
- •15. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use “for – to – infinitive – construction”:
- •16. Translate the following sentences into English:
- •17. State the function of a simple infinitive or an infinitive construction:
- •The gerund
- •The Double nature of the Gerund
- •The Nominal Characteristics of the Gerund
- •The Verbal Characteristics of the Gerund
- •The Tense Distinctions of the Gerund The tense distinctions of the gerund, like those of the participles and the infinitive, are not absolute but relative.
- •The Voice Distinctions of the Gerund
- •Predicative Constructions with the Gerund
- •Functions of the (Half)-Gerundial Constructions
- •Infinitive or gerund
- •The gerund and the verbal noun compared
- •The characteristics of the gerund and the verbal noun
- •Exercises:
- •1. Use the indefinite gerund of the verb in brackets in the active or passive voice:
- •2. Make up sentences, using gerundial phrases according to the model:
- •3. Make one sentence out of the following pairs of sentences by using gerundial phrases. The part in bold type is to become the predicate:
- •4. Use the gerund in the appropriate form instead of the infinitive in brackets:
- •5. Use the required form of the gerund and insert prepositions where necessary:
- •6. Use the correct form of the Gerund:
- •7. Answer the following questions, using gerundial phrases according to the model:
- •8. Change the construction of the sentences using the gerund:
- •9. Replace adverbial clauses of time by gerundial phrases:
- •10. Supply the missing prepositions to suit the syntactic function of the Gerund:
- •11. Translate the following sentences, using the Gerund in the function of an adverbial modifier:
- •12. Analyse the ing - form stating whether they are gerunds or verbal nouns:
- •13. State the syntactic functions of the gerundial complexes. Translate the sentences into Russian:
- •14. Paraphrase the parts in bold type, using gerundial phrases. Mind the prepositions.
- •15. Translate into English using gerundial complexes:
- •16. Translate the following sentences, using gerundial phrases:
- •17. Paraphrase the following sentences, using “forget” or ”remember” followed byeither an Infinitive or a Gerund; note the explanation given in the model:
- •18. Use the appropriate form of the infinitive of the verb in brackets:
- •The participle
- •The verbal characteristics of the participle are as follows:
- •The Tense Distinctions of the Participle
- •The Voice Distinctions of the Participle
- •Functions of participle I
- •Functions of participle II
- •Predicative Constructions with the Participles The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The children …running, they … talking is the complex subject to the predicate of the sentence were seen/were heard.
- •It is used:
- •The Objective Participial Construction
- •It is used:
- •The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Nominative Absolute Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •The Prepositional Absolute Construction
- •Exercises:
- •1. Define the forms of the Participles. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •2. Choose the correct form of the Participle:
- •3. Transform the sentences using participle phrases instead of the subordinate clauses:
- •4. State the function of the Participles. Translate the sentences.
- •5. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Participles.
- •6. Use the Participles in the appropriate form instead o the infinitive in brackets.
- •7. Transform the following sentences into sentences with complex subjects:
- •8. Read and translate the following sentences. Speak on the verbs after which complex objects with participles are used:
- •9. Make up sentences from this table:
- •10. Transform the following sentences into sentences with complex objects with participles:
- •11. Use a Complex Object with Participle II.
- •12. Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative. Remember that you must use the auxiliary verb “do”:
- •13. Translate into English using Participles:
- •14. Translate the sentences paying attention to the use of the Absolute Participle Construction:
- •15. Transform these complex sentences into simple ones using the Absolute- Participle Complex.
- •16. State the functions of the nominative absolute participial constructions:
- •17. Transform the following sentences so as to use the nominative absolute participial construction:
- •18. Translate into English using the Absolute Participle Construction
- •Mixed Bag (Infinitive, Gerund or Participle)
- •1. Fill in the blanks with “not” or “without”,* thus using either Participle I or a Gerund.
- •2. Translate the following sentences, using the Gerund, the Infinitive or Participle I according to the sense.
- •3. Complete the following, using the correct form of a verbal (Gerund, Participle or Infinitive).
- •4. Finish each of the following sentences so that it is as similar as possible in meaning to the one printed before it.
- •Multiple Choice
- •Literature
19. Complete the sentences with as if (as though) and the correct mood form of one of the phrases from the box.
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to see a ghost to have a party to have a row to own the place |
to smoke to be fed not to have a rest |
to have a secret to hide to be an old woman to burst into tears |
to be up all night to be one’s own son to grow on the trees |
e. g.: He spoke as if he were an Englishman.
When they thanked her and gave her all the flowers, she looked ___________.
When I asked the boys where the money came from, they acted ___________.
This poor dog looks _________.
From what I heard outside the door, the couple sounded ______________.
You look ___________.
Do you hear that music next door? It sounds ____________.
She is only 35, but she dresses _____________.
They love me and they have always treated me ___________.
I’ve just come back from holiday, but I feel tired and depressed ____________.
It smells ___________ in here.
Pamela can be quite bossy. She sometimes behaves ______________.
Alec looks really awful. He looks _____________.
Fred spends his money _________________.
20. Answer the following questions according to the model.
Model: How do you like the suit on Peter?(fit; be made to measure)
It fits him as ifit were made to measure.
1. Have you seen him after the accident? How does he look? (nothing; happen to him)2. How did she take the news?(take it calmly; be nothing unusual about it)3. How does this foreign student speak Russian?(study the language for many years)4. How did he take our decision? (be a surprise to him)5. Have you heard anything about the film?(look; be worth seeing)6. How did he speak about the task given him?(sound cheerful; be happy about it)7. Did he believe the story? (look suspicious; not believe it)8. How do you feel after the swim in the lake?(drop ten years)9. How did they treat him?(be their brother)10. Did they include me in the expedition?(speak of; be included)11. How did she like the story?(seem; be touched)
21. Translate the following sentences.
1. У него всегда такой вид, как будто он спешит куда-то. 2. Она вела себя так, как будто ей все было безразлично. 3. Дождь шел несколько дней, и казалось, что ему не будет конца. 4. Они мчались с такой скоростью, как будто их кто-то преследовал. 5. Он говорит об этом так, как будто то, что он сделал, было вполне обычной вещью. 6. Он смотрел на всех нас, как будто был удивлен тем, что увидел нас там. 7. Она смотрела вниз со страхом, и ей казалось, что она вот-вот сорвется (упадет вниз). 8. У нее такой вид, как будто она больна.
Types of Condition in English
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1. |
Something that is always true
If + present simple, + present simple |
Use if with two present simple verbs to say what always happens. If I eat too much, I get fat. The if can usually be replaced by when or whenever. When I eat too much, I get fat. You can also use the present progressive or present perfect in the if clause. If you are travelling to Liverpool, you change at London. If you have come from Paris, collect your baggage now. (This is sometimes called the Zero Conditional.) |
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2. |
Something that is possible
If + present simple, + future simple |
Use if +present simple and the future with will to talk about something that may possibly happen (but may not happen). (This is sometimes called Conditional 1.) I’ll give it to Mary if I see her. Or If I see Mary, I’ll give it to her. (=It is possible that I will see Mary and if I do, I will definitely give it to her.) If you work hard, you’ll pass the exam. (It is possible that you will work hard and if you do, you will definitely pass the exam). |
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3. |
Something that is not true in the present, or unlikely in the future.
If + Present Subjunctive II, + Present Conditional |
Use if + Present Subjunctive II, + Present Conditional to talk about something that is not true now or that you think is unlikely to happen in the future. (This is sometimes called Conditional 2.) If I had a lot of money, I would spend it all on you. (present)(= I don’t have a lot of money; I am imagining that I do.) If the world ended tomorrow, I wouldn’t care. (future)(= It is unlikely that the world will end tomorrow; I am imagining that it might.) |
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4. |
Something that is imaginary in the past.
If + Past Subjunctive II, + Past Conditional
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Use if + Past Subjunctive II, + Past Conditional to talk about something that was possible but which didn’t happen. (This is sometimes called Conditional 3.) If I had gone to Italy last year, I would have visited you. (But I didn’t go to Italy, so I did not visit you.) I would have bought some food if I had thought of it. (But I didn’t think of it, so I didn’t buy any food.) If I had known that you had all that food, I wouldn’t have brought any. (But I didn’t know, so I did buy some.) |
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If with modals |
You can use modal verbs with all four types of if sentences (types 1-4 above).
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Would when used in the subordinate clause of a sentence of unreal condition is also a modal verb expressing willingness, consent. If you would come and see us (пожелали), mother would be glad. |
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5. |
Greater remoteness, improbability of the action.
If + modal “to be” in the past + infinitive, + Present Conditional/ Imperative |
Use if + modal “to be” in the past + infinitive, + Present Conditional/Imperative to express greater remoteness and improbability of the action, though not implying a rejection of it. If I were to see more of him, I would dare to speak to him about it. (I do not see much of him.) If it were to rain, we should not go out. (It may rain, though it is doubtful) |
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6. |
The fulfillment of the condition is unlikely though possible.
If + Suppositional, + Indicative/Imperative/ Conditional |
Use if + Suppositional, + Indicative/Imperative/ Conditional to render the Russian meaning “если вдруг, если все же, случись, доведись”. In these sentences the condition is presented as possible, but very unlikely. If I should meet her tomorrow, I should (shall) speak to her. (I may meet her though I strongly doubt it). If any of your family should come to my house, I shall be delighted. (highly improbable) (This condition is called problematic or hypothetical.) Conditional clauses of this type are sometimes joined to the main clause asyndetically, by means of inversion. Should he ask for references, tell him to apply to me. Should anything change, you will return home. |