- •G.A. Kozlova, a.M. Kozlova
- •Preparation course
- •Содержание
- •Предисловие
- •4 Уровню знаний соответствуют следующие навыки:
- •Vocabulary:
- •Раздел I. Фразеология икао (стандартная фразеология)-icao phraseology;
- •Как пользоваться пособием?
- •Exam overview
- •Part I. Vocabulary review
- •Flight operation. Hazardous conditions in flight.
- •Part II. Grammar review
- •Present meaning
- •Past meaning
- •Future meaning
- •Active & Passive Voices
- •V-смысловой глагол
- •V1,v2,v3 - 1-ая, 2-ая, 3-я формы глаголов
- •V-ing - смыловой глагол с окончанием - ing
- •Степени сравнения прилагательных
- •Reported speech
- •Согласование времен*:
- •Possibility. Probability. Necessity
- •Part III. Speaking
- •Part IV. Listening
- •Recommendations:
- •Unruly passengers
- •Recommendations:
- •Effects of weather
- •Flight hazards
- •Collision course
- •Truck collapse leads to delay
- •Plane’s mayday call missed due to pilot’s poor English
- •Part V. Video clips
- •Video film 1 an approach and landing accident (ala):
- •It could happen to you
- •Video film 2 cfit
- •Part VI. Radiotelephony Communication
- •What communication skills mean
- •Советы психолога: Вам предстоит тестирование по авиационному английскому языку…
- •Work-related topics
- •Introduce yourself, tell about yourself
- •3. Your job
- •4. Your working day
- •5. Hazards and hazardous conditions for flight.
- •6. Weather, natural disasters
- •9. Dangerous goods
- •11. Pilot-controller communication
- •12. Air traffic management (atm)
- •13. The aircompany you are working for
- •14. Passengers behaviour
- •15. Health. Medicine
- •Список литературы
Reported speech
Direct speech |
Reported speech |
Present tense | |
“I go to work”- says Mike “Do you live in London?”-asks Mike |
Mike says he goes to work. Mike asks if I live in London. |
Past tense (происходит изменение времени*) | |
| |
“I go to work”- said Mike. “We won’t see this film”- they said |
Mike said he went to work. They said they wouldn’t see that** film. |
| |
“Open the window”-he said “Don‘t open the door”- he said |
He said to open the window. He said not to open the door. |
| |
“Do you live in Moscow?”- he asked “Have you been there?”-he asked |
He asked if I lived*** in Moscow. He asked if I had been there. |
“Where do you live?”- he asked “How are you?”-she asked |
He asked where I lived. She asked how I was. |
** today-that day this week/month- that week/month yesterday-the day before last week/ month- the previous week/ month next day/week- the day after, the following day/ week this-that, these-those, here-there, now-then | |
*** В вопросительном предложении в Reported speech -прямой порядок слов (подлежащее+ сказуемое). |
Согласование времен*:
|
Simple |
Continuous |
Perfect |
Perfect-Continuous |
Present |
do/does/ V-1 |
am/is/are+ V-ing |
have/has + V-3 |
have/has been+ V-ing |
Past |
did+ V-1/ V-2 |
was/were+ V-ing
|
had+ V-3 |
had been+ V-ing
|
Future |
will/shall +V-1 |
will be+ V-ing |
will have+ V-3 |
will have been+ V-ing |
Future-in-the-Past |
would +V1 |
would be + V-ing |
would have+ V-3 |
would have been+V-ing |
Useful tips
You can use Reported speech when you are reporting what was written as well as spoken, for example, when you are describing a video clip or an event you were acquainted with during the Listening section.
Exercise 6.
Read the text extract and retell the passage in the reported speech.
The KLM crew read back the departure clearance and then reported: "We are now at take-off," and released the brakes to roll. Tenerife tower replied: "OK, stand by for take-off, I will call you," but this message was obscured by Pan Am's simultaneous transmission: "No, we're still taxiing down the runway." The KLM 747 began rolling down the foggy runway and collided with the Pan Am aircraft.
Exercise 7
1. At the exam you could be asked to tell about different non-standard situations that you have experienced during your flights.
You can be asked the following questions:
Have you ever experienced a situation like this: (Do you know anybody who has?) (engine fire (failure), depressurization, bird strike (hit, ingestion), take-off aborting (rejecting), returning to the airport after departure, fuel dumping (burning), severe turbulence, CAT, medical problems on board (loss of consciousness/unconscious passenger, passengers with heart attack, acute pain……)?
What was the situation caused by? How did you deal with it?
What did you learn from this experience?
2. Describe your dialogue with a controller in reported speech (indirect speech).
3. Use sequence of tenses. Note the word order in reported questions.
Example: The controller asked if we requested landing priority.
4. Use the cause and effect language:
…caused….could cause… was caused by… was due to…as a result…led to… the reason was… resulted in… could result from… so… because…
Example:
Engine failure was caused by (was due to) the bird ingestion.
Severe turbulence led to (resulted in) the injuries among passengers.
In fact, something very similar happened to me. (A friend of mine (the crew of the company…) had a similar problem once). When we took off… I could see (hear)… I saw (heard)…The situation (the problem) was caused by… We were flying… There was (were) …. We were able… We didn’t need… We requested….I advised the controller that we were maintaining FL… The controller instructed us to…The controller asked us if we could accept heading… The controller asked us what our intentions were.
Exercise 8.
Listen to the controller’s report, pay attention to the use of sequence of tenses.
Retell the story, using indirect speech.
6. Make sure you know how to use Modal verbs.