Flight operation. Hazardous conditions in flight.
Look at the word map and add any more flight hazards you know. What can you say about flight hazards shown at the map? What situations could cause these hazards?
Answer the following questions:
What can cause hazards in the vicinity of the aerodrome?
CFIT (controlled flight into terrain) – what are risk factors?
Pre-flight inspection is very important for safety. Why?
Why are flight planning and pre-flight briefing necessary for avoiding hazards?
What could cause engine shut down (failure)?
What may be the reasons for aborting take-off (approach)?
How can these conditions (phenomena) affect the operation of the flight?
deposits on the wings and airframe
debris on the runway
black ice
a rapid thaw
slush
sleet
down draughts
jet stream activity
bird strike
increasing pollution in the world
terrain hazards
human hazards
pilot error
communication problem
Part II. Grammar review
Some professional tests have a separate grammar section, while others test your grammar knowledge in the Speaking section.
Ability tested
Questions test your ability to use grammar structures in the professional communication.
Basic skills necessary
You need to know all grammar tenses in active and passive voices. Besides you should know such grammar topics as Modal verbs, Comparisons, Reported speech, Sequence of tenses, Conditionals.
How to prepare for the Grammar section.
step 1.Refresh your grammar knowledge. The following tables will help you.
Remember, you don’t need to demonstrate an advanced grammar, but it must be appropriate to the situations described.
1.Make sure you know how to express your thoughts in
present tenses
past tenses
future tenses.
To express your thoughts in present we advise you to use:
Present Simple,
Present Continuous,
Present Perfect-Continuous.
Present meaning
|
Present Simple |
Present Continuous |
Present Perfect-Continuous |
|
V-1(s)/ Do, Does + V-1 |
Am, is, are + V-ing |
Has, have been + V-ing |
|
every day/week, usually, always, often, rarely, never, sometimes, in the morning, at night, on Sunday |
now, at the moment, at present, nowadays, today, tonight, always, still |
how long, for, since |
|
- обычные действия, регулярно повторяющиеся - описание законов природы - расписание и программа - спортивные комментарии, -описание событий в новостях |
- действие, происходящее в данный момент или настоящий период времени - повторяющиеся действия с “always”, описывающие раздражение и критику - описание изменяющейся ситуации |
-действие, начатое в прошлом и все ещё продолжающееся в настоящем - прошлое действие, имеющее видимый результат в настоящем - действия, выражающие раздражение, злость, критику |
|
He works as a pilot. Water freezes at 0˚C. The plane leaves at 6.05. |
They are staying at the Park Hotel. She is looking for a better job. |
They have been flying for 3 hours.
|
Useful tips
You can use these grammar structures when you are talking about: Your job, Aviation today, Your working day and other topics if you want to describe some events and processes at present time.
To express your thoughts in past we advise you to use:
Past Simple
Present Perfect
Present Perfect-Continuous
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect-Continuous